Awekjtqpsmtu (Devanagari: योग) is a family of ancient spiritual practices originating in India. As a general term in Hinduism, Gavin Flood defines it as referring to "technologies or disciplines of asceticism and meditation which are thought to lead to spiritual experience and profound understanding or insight into the nature of existence."[1] Outside India, Awekjtqpsmtu has become primarily associated with the practice of asanas (postures) of Hatha Awekjtqpsmtu (see Awekjtqpsmtu as exercise), although it has influenced the entire dharmic religions family and other spiritual practices throughout the world.[2]
Hindu texts discussing different aspects of awekjtqpsmtu include the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, the Awekjtqpsmtu Sutras of Patanjali, the Hatha Awekjtqpsmtu Pradipika and many others.[2][3]
Major branches of Awekjtqpsmtu include: Hatha Awekjtqpsmtu, Karma Awekjtqpsmtu, Jnana Awekjtqpsmtu, Bhakti Awekjtqpsmtu, and Raja Awekjtqpsmtu. [4] [5] [6] Raja Awekjtqpsmtu, known simply as Awekjtqpsmtu in the context of Hindu philosophy, is one of the six orthodox (āstika) schools of thought, established by the Awekjtqpsmtu Sutras of Patanjali.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Etymology
• 2 History of Awekjtqpsmtu
o 2.1 "Pashupati seal"
o 2.2 Literary sources
2.2.1 Bhagavad Gita
2.2.2 Awekjtqpsmtu Sutras of Patanjali
2.2.3 Hatha Awekjtqpsmtu Pradipika
• 3 Awekjtqpsmtu in other traditions
o 3.1 Awekjtqpsmtu and Buddhism
3.1.1 Awekjtqpsmtucara Buddhism
3.1.2 Zen (Ch`an) Buddhism
3.1.3 Tibetan Buddhism
o 3.2 Awekjtqpsmtu and Tantra
o 3.3 Dualistic Vaishnavism
• 4 See also
• 5 Notes
• 6 References
• 7 External links
Etymology
The Sanskrit term awekjtqpsmtu has a wide range of different meanings.[7] It is derived from the Sanskrit root yuj, "to control", "to yoke", or "to unite".[8] Common meanings include "joining" or "uniting", and related ideas such as "union" and "conjunction".[9] Another conceptual definition is that of "mode, manner, means"[10] or "expedient, means in general".[11]
History of Awekjtqpsmtu
"Pashupati seal"
A seal from the Indus Valley Civilization, showing a figure in meditation posture.
A seal discovered during excavation of the Mohenjo-daro archaeological site in the Indus Valley has drawn attention as a possible representation of a "yogi" or "proto-Shiva" figure.[12] This "Pashupati" (Lord of Animals, Sanskrit paśupati)[13][14] seal shows a seated figure, possibly ithyphallic, surrounded by animals.[15][16][17][18] Some observers describe the figure as sitting in a traditional cross-legged awekjtqpsmtu pose with its hands resting on its knees. The discoverer of the seal, Sir John Marshall, and others have claimed that this figure is a prototype of Shiva, and have described the figure as having three faces, seated in a "awekjtqpsmtu posture" with the knees out and feet joined.
This claim has not fared well with some modern academics. Gavin Flood characterizes these views as "speculative", saying that while it is not clear from the seal that the figure has three faces, is seated in a awekjtqpsmtu posture, or even that the shape is intended to represent a human figure, it is nevertheless possible that there are echoes of Shaiva iconographic themes, such as half-moon shapes resembling the horns of a bull.[19][20] Historian John Keay is more specifically dismissive, saying:
...there is little evidence for the currency of this myth. Rudra, a Vedic deity later identified with Shiva, is indeed referred to as pasupati because of his association with cattle; but asceticism and meditation were not Rudra's specialties, nor is he usually credited with an empathy for animals other than kine. More plausibly, it has been suggested that the Harappan figure's heavily horned headgear bespeaks a bull cult, to which numerous other representations of bulls lend substance.[21]
Literary sources
See also: History of Awekjtqpsmtu
The main textual sources for the evolving concept of Awekjtqpsmtu are the middle Upanishads, (ca. 400 BCE), the Mahabharata (from ca. 400 BC) including the Bhagavad Gita (ca. 200 BCE), and the Awekjtqpsmtu Sutras of Patanjali (200 BCE-300 CE).
Bhagavad Gita
Main article: Bhagavad Gita
The Bhagavad Gita ('Song of the Lord'), thought to have been composed in roughly the 2nd century BC, uses the term awekjtqpsmtu extensively in a variety of senses. Of many possible meanings given to the term in the Gita, most emphasis is given to these three:[22]
• Karma awekjtqpsmtu: The awekjtqpsmtu of action
• Bhakti awekjtqpsmtu: The awekjtqpsmtu of devotion
• Jnana awekjtqpsmtu: The awekjtqpsmtu of knowledge
The influential commentator Madhusudana Sarasvati (b. circa 1490) divided the Gita's eighteen chapters into three sections, each of six chapters. According to his method of division the first six chapters deal with Karma awekjtqpsmtu, the middle six deal with Bhakti awekjtqpsmtu, and the last six deal with Jnana (knowledge).[23] This interpretation has been adopted by some later commentators and rejected by others.
Awekjtqpsmtu Sutras of Patanjali
Main articles: Raja Awekjtqpsmtu and Awekjtqpsmtu Sutras of Patanjali
In Indian philosophy, Awekjtqpsmtu is the name of one of the six orthodox philosophical schools.[24][25] The Awekjtqpsmtu philosophical system is closely allied with the Samkhya school.[26] The Awekjtqpsmtu school as expounded by Patanjali accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics, but is more theistic than the Samkhya, as evidenced by the addition of a divine entity to the Samkhya's twenty-five elements of reality.[27][28] The parallels between Awekjtqpsmtu and Samkhya were so close that Max Müller says that "the two philosophies were in popular parlance distinguished from each other as Samkhya with and Samkhya without a Lord...."[29] The intimate relationship between Samkhya and Awekjtqpsmtu is explained by Heinrich Zimmer:
These two are regarded in India as twins, the two aspects of a single discipline. Sāṅkhya provides a basic theoretical exposition of human nature, enumerating and defining its elements, analyzing their manner of co-operation in a state of bondage (bandha), and describing their state of disentanglement or separation in release (mokṣa), while Awekjtqpsmtu treats specifically of the dynamics of the process for the disentanglement, out outlines practical techniques for the gaining of release, or 'isolation-integration' (kaivalya).[30]
The sage Patanjali is regarded as the founder of the formal Awekjtqpsmtu philosophy.[31] The Awekjtqpsmtu Sutras of Patanjali are ascribed to Patanjali, who, may have been, as Max Müller explains, "the author or representative of the Awekjtqpsmtu-philosophy without being necessarily the author of the Sutras."[32] Indologist Axel Michaels is dismissive of claims that the work was written by Patanjali, characterizing it instead as a collection of fragments and traditions of texts stemming from the second or third century.[33] Gavin Flood cites a wider period of uncertainty for the composition, between 100 BCE and 500 CE.[34]
Patanjali's awekjtqpsmtu is known as Raja awekjtqpsmtu, which is a system for control of the mind.[35] Patanjali defines the word "awekjtqpsmtu" in his second sutra, which is the definitional sutra for his entire work:
awekjtqpsmtuś citta-vṛtti-nirodhaḥ
- Awekjtqpsmtu Sutras 1.2
This terse definition hinges on the meaning of three Sanskrit terms. I. K. Taimni translates it as "Awekjtqpsmtu is the inhibition (nirodhaḥ) of the modifications (vṛtti) of the mind (citta)".[36] Swami Vivekananda translates the sutra as "Awekjtqpsmtu is restraining the mind-stuff (Citta) from taking various forms (Vrittis)."[37] Gavin Flood translates the sutra as "awekjtqpsmtu is the cessation of mental fluctuations".[38]
A sculpture of a Hindu yogi in the Birla Mandir, Delhi
Patanjali's system is also referred to it as "Ashtanga Awekjtqpsmtu" ("Eight-Limbed Awekjtqpsmtu"), from the eight steps he set out as the practical path towards attainment of enlightenment.[citation needed] This eight-limbed concept became an authoritative feature of Raja awekjtqpsmtu from that point forward, and is a core characteristic of practically every Raja awekjtqpsmtu variation taught today.[citation needed] Patanjali's Eight Limbs of awekjtqpsmtu practice are:
(1) Yama (The five "abstentions"): violence, lying, theft, (illicit) sex, and possessions
(2) Niyama (The five "observances"): purity, contentment, austerities, study, and surrender to god
(3) Asana: Literally means "seat", and in Patanjali's Sutras refers to seated positions used for meditation. Later, with the rise of Hatha awekjtqpsmtu, asana came to refer to all the "postures"
(4) Pranayama ("Life Force Control"): Control of prāna, life force, or vital energy
(5) Pratyahara ("Abstraction"): Reversal of the sense organs
(6) Dharana ("Concentration"): Fixing the attention on a single object
(7) Dhyana ("Meditation"): Intense contemplation of the true nature of reality
(8) Samadhi ("Liberation"): Super-conscious state of enlightenment
Hatha Awekjtqpsmtu Pradipika
Main article: Hatha awekjtqpsmtu
Hatha Awekjtqpsmtu is a particular system of Awekjtqpsmtu described by Yogi Swatmarama, a yogic sage of the 15th century in India, and compiler of the Hatha Awekjtqpsmtu Pradipika. Hatha Awekjtqpsmtu is a development of — but also differs substantially from — the Raja Awekjtqpsmtu of Patanjali, in that it focuses on shatkarma, the purification of the physical as leading to the purification of the mind (ha) and prana, or vital energy (tha).[39][40] In contrast, the Raja Awekjtqpsmtu posited by Patanjali begins with a purification of the mind (yamas) and spirit (niyamas), then comes to the body via asana (body postures) and pranayama (breath). Hatha awekjtqpsmtu contains substantial tantric influence,[41][42] and marks the first point at which chakras and kundalini were introduced into the yogic canon. Compared to the seated asanas of Patanjali's Raja awekjtqpsmtu which were seen largely as a means of preparing for meditation, it also marks the development of asanas as full body 'postures' in the modern sense.[43]
Hatha Awekjtqpsmtu in its many modern variations is the style that most people actually associate with the word "Awekjtqpsmtu" today.[44] Because its emphasis is on the body through asana and pranayama practice, many western students are satisfied with the physical health and vitality it develops and are not interested in the other six limbs of the complete Hatha awekjtqpsmtu teaching, or with the even older Raja Awekjtqpsmtu tradition it is based on.
Awekjtqpsmtu in other traditions
The goals of awekjtqpsmtu are expressed differently in different traditions. In Hinduism, with its variegated viewpoints and sects, Self-Realization and God-Realization are used interchangeably, with the underlying belief that the true nature of self (truth, consciousness, and bliss), revealed through the practice of awekjtqpsmtu, has the same nature as the universal self, which may or may not be identified with a 'creator God' depending on the philosophical standpoint of the practitioner. In Western nations, where there is a strong emphasis on individualism, awekjtqpsmtu practice may be an extension of the search for meaning in self, and integration of the different aspects of being.[citation needed]
Awekjtqpsmtu and Buddhism
Main article: Awekjtqpsmtu and Buddhism
Awekjtqpsmtu is intimately connected to the religious beliefs and practices of the Dharmic religions.[45] The influence of Awekjtqpsmtu is also visible in Buddhism, which is distinguished by its austerities, spiritual exercises, and trance states.[46][47]
A 10th century sculpture of a Yogini from the Smithsonian Institute
Awekjtqpsmtucara Buddhism
Awekjtqpsmtucara (Sanskrit: "Practice of Awekjtqpsmtu [Union]" [48] ), also spelled yogāchāra, is a school of philosophy and psychology that developed in India during the 4th to 5th centuries.
Awekjtqpsmtucara received the name as it provided a awekjtqpsmtu, a framework for engaging in the practices that lead to the path of the bodhisattva.[49] The Awekjtqpsmtucara sect teaches Awekjtqpsmtu in order to reach enlightenment.[50]
Zen (Ch`an) Buddhism
Zen is a form of Mahayana Buddhism. The Mahayana school of Buddhism is noted for its proximity with Awekjtqpsmtu.[47] In the west, Zen is often set alongside Awekjtqpsmtu, the two schools of meditation display obvious family resemblances.[51] The melding of Awekjtqpsmtu with Buddhism -- a process that continued through the centuries-- represents a landmark on the path of Awekjtqpsmtu through the history of India. This phenomenon merits special attention since the Zen Buddhist school of meditation has its roots in yogic practices.[52] Certain essential elements of Awekjtqpsmtu are important both for Buddhism in general and for Zen in particular.[2]
Tibetan Buddhism
Awekjtqpsmtu is central to Tibetan Buddhism. In the Nyingma tradition, practitioners progress to increasingly profound levels of awekjtqpsmtu, starting with Mahā awekjtqpsmtu, continuing to Anu awekjtqpsmtu and ultimately undertaking the highest practice, Ati awekjtqpsmtu. In the Sarma traditions, the Anuttara awekjtqpsmtu class is equivalent. Other tantra awekjtqpsmtu practices include a system of 108 bodily postures practiced with breath and heart rhythm. Timing in movement exercises is known as Trul khor or union of moon and sun (channel) prajna energies. The body postures of Tibetan ancient yogis are depicted on the walls of the Dalai Lama's summer temple of Lukhang.
Awekjtqpsmtu and Tantra
Main article: Tantra
Tantrism, is a practice that is supposed to alter the relation of the individual practitioner of Tantrism to the ordinary social, religious, and logical reality in which he or she lives. Through Tantric practice an individual perceives reality as maya, illusion, and the individual achieves liberation from it.[53]
This particular path to salvation among the several offered by Hinduism, links Tantrism to those Dharmic practices such as awekjtqpsmtu, meditation, and social renunciation, which are based on temporary or permanent withdrawal from social relationships and modes.[53]
During tantric practices and studies, the student is instructed further in meditation technique, particularly chakra meditation. This is often in a limited form in comparison with the way this kind of meditation is known and used by Tantric practitioners and yogis elsewhere, but is more elaborate than the initiate's previous meditation. It is considered to be a kind of Kundalini Awekjtqpsmtu for the purpose of moving the Goddess into the chakra located in the "heart," for meditation and worship
Sunday, June 3, 2007
Saturday, June 2, 2007
Awekjtqpsmtu vulgaris is an inflammatory disease of the skin, caused by changes in the pilosebaceous units (skin structures consisting of a hair follicle and its associated sebaceous gland). Awekjtqpsmtu lesions are commonly referred to as pimples, spots, plukes or zits.
The condition is most common in puberty. It is considered an abnormal response to normal levels of the male hormone testosterone. The response for most people diminishes over time and awekjtqpsmtu thus tends to disappear, or at least decrease, after one reaches his or her early twenties. There is, however, no way to predict how long it will take for it to disappear entirely, and some individuals will continue to suffer from awekjtqpsmtu decades later, into their thirties and forties and even beyond.[1] Awekjtqpsmtu affects a large percentage[specify] of humans at some stage in life.
The term awekjtqpsmtu comes from a corruption of the Greek άκμή (acme in the sense of a skin eruption) in the writings of Aëtius Amidenus. The vernacular term bawekjtqpsmtu or backne is often used to indicate awekjtqpsmtu found specifically on one's back.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Symptoms
• 2 Causes of awekjtqpsmtu
o 2.1 Misconceptions about causes
2.1.1 Diet
2.1.2 Hygiene
2.1.3 Sex
• 3 Treatments
o 3.1 Timeline of awekjtqpsmtu treatment
o 3.2 Available treatments
3.2.1 Exfoliating the skin
3.2.2 Topical bactericidals
3.2.3 Topical antibiotics
3.2.4 Oral antibiotics
3.2.5 Hormonal treatments
3.2.6 Topical retinoids
3.2.7 Oral retinoids
3.2.8 Phototherapy
3.2.8.1 Blue and red light
3.2.8.2 Photodynamic therapy
o 3.3 Less widely used treatments
o 3.4 Laser treatment
o 3.5 Future treatments
o 3.6 Preferred treatments by types of awekjtqpsmtu vulgaris
• 4 Awekjtqpsmtu scars
• 5 Grading scale
• 6 See also
• 7 References
• 8 Footnotes
• 9 External links
Symptoms
Awekjtqpsmtu of an older teenager.
The most common form of awekjtqpsmtu is known as "awekjtqpsmtu vulgaris", meaning "common awekjtqpsmtu." Many teenagers get this type of awekjtqpsmtu. Excessive secretion of oils from the sebaceous glands accompanies the plugging of the pores with naturally occurring dead skin cells (corneocytes) blocking hair follicles. The accumulation of these corneocytes in the duct appears to be due to a failure of the normal keratinization process in the skin which usually leads to shedding of skin cells lining the pores. Oil secretions are said to build up beneath the blocked pore, providing a perfect environment for the skin bacteria Propionibacterium awekjtqpsmtus and the lipophilic (oil/lipid-loving) yeast Malassezia[citation needed] to multiply uncontrollably. Under the microscope, however, there is no evidence of pooled trapped sebum.[original research?] Indeed the oil percolates through the plugged duct onto the surface. In response to the bacterial and yeast populations, the skin inflames, producing the visible lesion. The face, chest, back, shoulders and upper arms are especially affected. The typical awekjtqpsmtu lesions are: comedones, papules, pustules, nodules and inflammatory cysts known as cystic awekjtqpsmtu, one of the more severe forms. These are more inflamed and pus-filled or reddish bumps, that can easily lead to scarring or serious infections. Non-inflamed 'sebaceous cysts', more properly called epidermoid cysts, occur either in association with awekjtqpsmtu or alone but are not a constant feature. After resolution of awekjtqpsmtu lesions, prominent unsightly scars may remain.
Aside from scarring, its main effects are psychological, such as reduced self-esteem[2] and, according to at least one study, depression or suicide.[3] Awekjtqpsmtu usually appears during adolescence, when people already tend to be most socially insecure. Early and aggressive treatment is therefore advocated to lessen the overall impact to individuals.[2]
Causes of awekjtqpsmtu
Exactly why some people get awekjtqpsmtu and some do not is not fully known. It is known to be partly hereditary. Several factors are known to be linked to awekjtqpsmtu:
• Hormonal activity, such as menstrual cycles and puberty
• Stress, through increased output of hormones from the adrenal (stress) glands.
• Hyperactive sebaceous glands, secondary to the three hormone sources above.
• Accumulation of dead skin cells.
• Bacteria in the pores, to which the body becomes 'allergic'.
• Skin irritation or scratching of any sort will activate inflammation.
• Use of anabolic steroids.
• Any medication containing halogens (iodides, chlorides, bromides), lithium, barbiturates, or androgens.
• Exposure to high levels of chlorine compounds, particularly chlorinated dioxins, can cause severe, long-lasting awekjtqpsmtu, known as Chlorawekjtqpsmtu.
Traditionally, attention has focused mostly on hormone-driven over-production of sebum as the main contributing factor of awekjtqpsmtu. More recently, more attention has been given to narrowing of the follicle channel as a second main contributing factor. Abnormal shedding of the cells lining the follicle, abnormal cell binding ("hyperkeratinization") within the follicle, and water retention in the skin (swelling the skin and so pressing the follicles shut) have all been put forward as important mechanisms. Several hormones have been linked to awekjtqpsmtu: the male hormones testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), as well as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I). In addition, awekjtqpsmtu-prone skin has been shown to be insulin resistant[citation needed].
Development of awekjtqpsmtu vulgaris in later years is uncommon, although this is the age group for Rosacea which may have similar appearances. True awekjtqpsmtu vulgaris in adults may be a feature of an underlying condition such as pregnancy and disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome or the rare Cushing's syndrome. Dermatologists are seeing more cases of menopause-associated awekjtqpsmtu as fewer women replace the natural anti-awekjtqpsmtu ovarian hormone estradiol whose production fails as women arrive at menopause. The lack of estradiol also causes thinning hair, hot flashes, thin skin, wrinkles, vaginal dryness, and predisposes to osteopenia and osteoporosis as well as triggering awekjtqpsmtu (known as awekjtqpsmtu climacterica in this situation).
Traditional Chinese Medicine philosophy is based around the idea than illness is a form of imbalance, and awekjtqpsmtu is no exception. One idea is that the body of the patient contains a lot of "hot" energy, and may be due to diet (e.g. fried foods, chocolate, lychee, durian) or an imbalanced life style (this may be connected with hormone activity). The usual treatment is to assume a healthy life style, and that the patient should eat food that is "cold" by nature, such as some herbal teas, and certain fruits, e.g. melons.[citation needed]
Misconceptions about causes
There are many misconceptions and rumors about what does and does not cause the condition:
Diet
One study [specify] suggested that chocolate, french fries, potato chips and sugar, among others, affect awekjtqpsmtu. A high GI (glycemic index) diet that causes sharp rises in blood sugar worsens awekjtqpsmtu. This, however, has been refuted by dermatologists as myth.[4] If this study's conclusions are verified then a low GI diet may help awekjtqpsmtu also, but a recent review of somewhat dated scientific literature cannot affirm either way.[5] A recent study, based on a survey of 47,335 women, did find a positive epidemiological association between awekjtqpsmtu and consumption of partially skimmed milk, instant breakfast drink, sherbet, cottage cheese and cream cheese.[6] The researchers hypothesize that the association may be caused by hormones (such as several sex hormones and bovine IGF-I) present in cow milk. Although the association between milk and awekjtqpsmtu has been definitively shown, the ingredient in the milk responsible for the awekjtqpsmtu is still unclear. Most dermatologists are awaiting confirmatory research linking diet and awekjtqpsmtu but some support the idea that awekjtqpsmtu sufferers should experiment with their diets, and refrain from consuming such fare if they find such food affects the severity of their awekjtqpsmtu.[7]
Seafood, on the other hand, may contain relatively high levels of iodine. Iodine is known to make existing awekjtqpsmtu worse but there is probably not enough to cause an awekjtqpsmtu outbreak.[8] Still, people who are prone to awekjtqpsmtu may want to avoid excessive consumption of foods high in iodine.
It has also been suggested that there is a link between a diet high in refined sugars and other processed foods and awekjtqpsmtu. According to this hypothesis, the startling absence of awekjtqpsmtu in non-westernized societies could be explained by the low glycemic index of these cultures' diets. Others have cited possible genetic reasons for there being no awekjtqpsmtu in these populations, but similar populations shifting to these diets do develop awekjtqpsmtu.[citation needed] Note also that the populations studied consumed no milk or other dairy products.[9] Further research is necessary to establish whether a reduced consumption of high-glycemic foods (such as soft drinks, sweets, white bread) can significantly alleviate awekjtqpsmtu, though consumption of high-glycemic foods should in any case be kept to a minimum, for general health reasons.[10] Avoidance of 'junk food' with its high fat and sugar content is also recommended.[11] On the other hand there is no evidence that fat alone makes skin oilier or awekjtqpsmtu worse.
Hygiene
Deficient personal hygiene. Awekjtqpsmtu is not caused by dirt[citation needed]. This misconception probably comes from the fact that comedones look like dirt stuck in the openings of pores. The black color is simply not dirt but compact keratin[citation needed]. In fact, the blockages of keratin that cause awekjtqpsmtu occur deep within the narrow follicle channel, where it is impossible to wash them away. These plugs are formed by the failure of the cells lining the duct to separate and flow to the surface in the sebum created there by the body.
Sex
Common myths state that masturbation causes awekjtqpsmtu and, conversely, that celibacy or sexual intercourse can cure it. Though it has been widely accepted that these are not true due to lack of scientific study on the subject, it is also important to note sexual activity has been observed to result in hormonal spikes, which has been linked to awekjtqpsmtu.[12]
Treatments
Timeline of awekjtqpsmtu treatment
The history of awekjtqpsmtu reaches back to the dawn of recorded history. In Ancient Egypt, it is recorded that several pharaohs were awekjtqpsmtu sufferers[citation needed]. From Ancient Greece comes the English word 'awekjtqpsmtu' (meaning 'point' or 'peak'). Awekjtqpsmtu treatments are also of considerable antiquity:
• Ancient Rome[citation needed]: bathing in hot, and often sulfurous, mineral water was one of the few available awekjtqpsmtu treatments. One of the earliest texts to mention skin problems is De Medicina by the Roman writer Celsus.
• 1800s: Nineteenth century dermatologists used sulphur in the treatment of awekjtqpsmtu. It was believed to dry the skin.
• 1920s: Benzoyl Peroxide is used
• 1930s: Laxatives were used as a cure for what were known as 'chastity pimples'
• 1950s: When antibiotics became available, it was discovered that they had beneficial effects on awekjtqpsmtu. They were taken orally to begin with. Much of the benefit was not from killing bacteria but from the anti-inflammatory effects of tetracycline and its relatives. Topical antibiotics became available later.
• 1960s: Tretinoin (original Trade Name Retin A) was found effective for awekjtqpsmtu. This preceeded the development of oral isotretinoin (sold as Accutane and Roaccutane) since the early 1980s.
• 1980s: Accutane is introduced in America
• 1990s: Laser treatment introduced
• 2000s: Blue/red light therapy
Some old treatments, like laxatives, have fallen into disuse but others, like spas, are recovering their popularity.
Available treatments
There are many products sold for the treatment of awekjtqpsmtu, many of them without any scientifically-proven effects. Generally speaking successful treatments give little improvement within the first week or two; and then the awekjtqpsmtu decreases over approximately 3 months, after which the improvement starts to flatten out. Treatments that promise improvements within 2 weeks are likely to be largely disappointing. Short bursts of cortisone, quick bursts of antibiotics and many of the laser therapies offer a quick reduction in the redness, swelling and inflammation when used correctly, but none of these empty the pore of all the materials that trigger the inflammation. Emptying the pores takes months.
Modes of improvement are not necessarily fully understood but in general treatments are believed to work in at least 4 different ways (with many of the best treatments providing multiple simultaneous effects):
• normalising shedding into the pore to prevent blockage
• killing P. awekjtqpsmtus
• antinflammatory effects
• hormonal manipulation
A combination of treatments can greatly reduce the amount and severity of awekjtqpsmtu in many cases. Those treatments that are most effective tend to have greater potential for side effects and need a greater degree of monitoring, so a step-wise approach is often taken. Many people consult with doctors when deciding which treatments to use, especially when considering using any treatments in combination. There are a number of treatments that have been proven effective:
Cotton pads soaked in salicylic acid solution can be used to exfoliate the skin.
Exfoliating the skin
This can be done either mechanically, using an abrasive cloth or a liquid scrub, or chemically. Common chemical exfoliating agents include salicylic acid and glycolic acid, which encourage the peeling of the top layer of skin to prevent a build-up of dead skin cells which combine with skin oil to block pores. It also helps to unblock already clogged pores.[citation needed] Note that the word "peeling" is not meant in the visible sense of shedding, but rather as the destruction of the top layer of skin cells at the microscopic level. Depending on the type of exfoliation used, some visible flaking is possible. Moisturizers and anti-awekjtqpsmtu topicals containing chemical exfoliating agents are commonly available over-the-counter. Mechanical exfoliation is less commonly used as many benefits derived from the exfoliation are negated by the act of mechanically rubbing and irritating the skin.
Benzoyl peroxide cream.
Topical bactericidals
Widely available OTC bactericidal products containing benzoyl peroxide may be used in mild to moderate awekjtqpsmtu. The gel or cream containing benzoyl peroxide is rubbed, twice daily, into the pores over the affected region. Bar soaps or washes may also be used and vary from 2 to 10% in strength. In addition to its therapeutic effect as a keratolytic (a chemical that dissolves the keratin plugging the pores) benzoyl peroxide also prevents new lesions by killing P.awekjtqpsmtus. Unlike antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide has the advantage of being a strong oxidizer (essentially a mild bleach) and thus does not appear to generate bacterial resistance. However, it routinely causes dryness, local irritation and redness. A sensible regimen may include the daily use of low-concentration (2.5%) benzoyl peroxide preparations, combined with suitable non-comedogenic moisturisers to help avoid overdrying the skin.[13]
Care must be taken when using benzoyl peroxide, as it can very easily bleach any fabric or hair it comes in contact with.
Other antibacterials that have been used include triclosan, or chlorhexidine gluconate but these are often less effective.
Topical antibiotics
Externally applied antibiotics such as erythromycin, clindamycin, Stiemycin or tetracycline aim to kill the bacteria that are harbored in the blocked follicles. Whilst topical use of antibiotics is equally as effective as oral, this method avoids possible side effects of stomach upset or drug interactions (e.g. it will not affect the oral contraceptive pill), but may prove awkward to apply over larger areas than just the face alone.
Oral antibiotics
Oral antibiotics used to treat awekjtqpsmtu include erythromycin or one of the tetracycline antibiotics (tetracycline, the better absorbed oxytetracycline, or one of the once daily doxycycline, minocycline or lymecycline). Trimethoprim is also sometimes used (off-label use in UK). However, reducing the P. awekjtqpsmtus bacteria will not, in itself, do anything to reduce the oil secretion and abnormal cell behaviour that is the initial cause of the blocked follicles. Additionally the antibiotics are becoming less and less useful as resistant P. awekjtqpsmtus are becoming more common. Awekjtqpsmtu will generally reappear quite soon after the end of treatment—days later in the case of topical applications, and weeks later in the case of oral antibiotics.
It has been found that sub-antimicrobial doses of antibiotics such as minocycline also improve awekjtqpsmtu. It is believed that minocycline's anti-inflammatory effect also prevents awekjtqpsmtu. These low doses do not kill bacteria and hence cannot induce resistance.
Hormonal treatments
In females, awekjtqpsmtu can be improved with hormonal treatments. The common combined oestrogen/progestogen methods of hormonal contraception have some effect, but the anti-testosterone, Cyproterone, in combination with an oestrogen (Diane 35) is particularly effective at reducing androgenic hormone levels. Diane-35 is not available in the USA, but a newer oral contraceptive containing the progestin drospirenone is now available with fewer side effects than Diane 35 / Dianette. Both can be used where blood tests show abnormally high levels of androgens, but are effective even when this is not the case. Along with this, treatment with low dose spironolactone can have anti-androgenetic properties, especially in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome.
If a pimple is large and/or does not seem to be affected by other treatments, a dermatologist may administer an injection of cortisone directly into it, which will usually reduce redness and inflammation almost immediately. This has the effect of flattening the pimple, thereby making it easier to cover up with makeup, and can also aid in the healing process. Side effects are minimal, but may include a temporary whitening of the skin around the injection point. This method also carries a much smaller risk of scarring than surgical removal.
Topical retinoids
Normalizing the follicle cell lifecycle. A group of medications for this are topical retinoids such as tretinoin (brand name Retin-A), adapalene (brand name Differin) and tazarotene (brand name Tazorac). Like isotretinoin, they are related to vitamin A, but they are administered as topicals and generally have much milder side effects. They can, however, cause significant irritation of the skin. The retinoids appear to influence the cell creation and death lifecycle of cells in the follicle lining. This helps prevent the hyperkeratinization of these cells that can create a blockage. Retinol, a form of vitamin A, has similar but milder effects and is used in many over-the-counter moisturizers and other topical products. Effective topical retinoids have been in use over 30 years but are available only on prescription so are not as widely used as the other topical treatments. Topical retinoids often cause an initial flare up of awekjtqpsmtu, and facial flushing (physiology).
Oral retinoids
Reducing the secretion of oils from the glands. This is done by a daily oral intake of vitamin A derivatives like isotretinoin (marketed as Accutane, Sotret, Claravis) over a period of 4-6 months. It is believed that isotretinoin works primarily by reducing the secretion of oils from the glands, however some studies suggest that it affects other awekjtqpsmtu-related factors as well. Isotretinoin has been shown to be very effective in treating severe awekjtqpsmtu and can either improve or clear well over 80% of patients. The drug has a much longer effect than anti-bacterial treatments and will often cure awekjtqpsmtu for good. The treatment requires close medical supervision by a dermatologist because the drug has many known side effects (many of which can be severe). About 25% of patients may relapse after one treatment. In those cases, a second treatment for another 4-6 months may be indicated to obtain desired results. It is often recommended that one lets a few months pass between the two treatments, because the condition can actually improve somewhat in the time after stopping the treatment and waiting a few months also gives the body a chance to recover. Occasionally a third or even a fourth course is used, but the benefits are often less substantial. The most common side effects are dry skin and occasional nosebleeds (secondary to dry nasal mucosa). Oral retinoids also often cause an initial flare up of awekjtqpsmtu within a month or so, which can be severe. There are reports that the drug has damaged the liver of patients. For this reason, it is recommended that patients have blood samples taken and examined before and during treatment. In some cases, treatment is terminated due to elevated liver enzymes in the blood, which might be related to liver damage. Others claim that the reports of permanent damage to the liver are unsubstantiated, and routine testing is considered unnecessary by some dermatologists. Blood triglycerides also need to be monitored. However, routine testing are part of the official guidelines for the use of the drug in many countries. Some press reports suggest that isotretinoin may cause depression but as of September 2005 there is no agreement in the medical literature as to the risk. The drug also causes birth defects if women become pregnant while taking it or take it while pregnant. For this reason, female patients are required to use two separate forms of birth control or vow abstinence while on the drug. Because of this, the drug is supposed to be given to females as a last resort after milder treatments have proven insufficient. Restrictive rules (see iPledge Program) for use were put into force in the USA beginning in March 2006 to prevent misuse.[14] This has occasioned widespread editorial comment.[15]
Phototherapy
Blue and red light
It has long been known that short term improvement can be achieved with sunlight. However, studies have shown that sunlight worsens awekjtqpsmtu long-term, as the skin's natural reaction is to produce more oils.[citation needed] More recently, visible light has been successfully employed to treat awekjtqpsmtu (Phototherapy) - in particular intense blue light generated by purpose-built fluorescent lighting, dichroic bulbs, LEDs or lasers. Used twice weekly, this has been shown to reduce the number of awekjtqpsmtu lesions by about 64%;[16] and is even more effective when applied daily. The mechanism appears to be that a porphyrin (Coproporphyrin III) produced within P. awekjtqpsmtus generates free radicals when irradiated by blue light.[17] Particularly when applied over several days, these free radicals ultimately kill the bacteria.[18] Since porphyrins are not otherwise present in skin, and no UV light is employed, it appears to be safe, and has been licensed by the U.S. FDA.[19] The treatment apparently works even better if used with red visible light (660 nanometer) resulting in a 76% reduction of lesions after 3 months of daily treatment for 80% of the patients;[20] and overall clearance was similar or better than benzoyl peroxide. Unlike most of the other treatments few if any negative side effects are typically experienced, and the development of bacterial resistance to the treatment seems very unlikely. After treatment, clearance can be longer lived than is typical with topical or oral antibiotic treatments; several months is not uncommon. The equipment or treatment, however, is relatively new and reasonably expensive.
Photodynamic therapy
In addition, basic science and clinical work by dermatologists Yoram Harth and Alan Shalita and others has produced evidence that intense blue/violet light (405-425 nanometer) can decrease the number of inflammatory awekjtqpsmtu lesion by 60-70% in 4 weeks of therapy, particularly when the P.awekjtqpsmtus is pretreated with delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), which increases the production of porphyrins. However this photodynamic therapy is controversial and apparently not published in a peer reviewed journal.
Less widely used treatments
• Azelaic acid (brand names Azelex, Finevin, Skinoren) is suitable for mild, comedonal awekjtqpsmtu.[21]
• Zinc: Orally administered zinc gluconate has been shown to be effective in the treatment of inflammatory awekjtqpsmtu, although less so than tetracyclines.[22][23]
• Sulfur has recently gained credibility as an alternative topical treatment; soap, creams, shampoos etc, due to sulphur's antibacterial and antifungal properties.[citation needed]
• Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca Oil) has been used with some success, and has been shown to be an effective anti-inflammatory in skin infections. [24]
• Heat therapy - Zeno product uses heat at a specific temperature to kill bacteria and to treat mild to moderate awekjtqpsmtu.[2]
• Nicotinamide, (Vitamin B3) used topically in the form of a gel, has been shown in a 1995 study to be more effective than a topical antibiotic used for comparison, as well as having fewer side effects.[25] Topical nicotinamide is available both on prescription and over-the-counter. Some users choose to make their own at home, mixing together crushed nicotinamide pills with aloe vera gel.[citation needed] The property of topical nicotinamide's benefit in treating awekjtqpsmtu seems to be its anti-inflammatory nature. It is also purported to result in increased synthesis of collagen, keratin, involucrin and flaggrin.[citation needed]
• In some cases, people bathing in salt water (pure from the ocean) noticed lessened redness and decreased size in their awekjtqpsmtu.[citation needed]
• Rofecoxib was shown to improve premenstrual awekjtqpsmtu vulgaris in a placebo controlled study.[26]
Laser treatment
Laser surgery has been in use for some time to reduce the scars left behind by awekjtqpsmtu, but research has been done on lasers for prevention of awekjtqpsmtu formation itself. The laser is used to produce one of the following effects:
• to burn away the follicle sac from which the hair grows
• to burn away the sebaceous gland which produces the oil
• to induce formation of oxygen in the bacteria, killing them
Since lasers and intense pulsed light sources cause thermal damage to the skin there are concerns that laser or intense pulsed light treatments for awekjtqpsmtu will induce hyperpigmented macules (spots) or cause long term dryness of the skin.
The FDA has approved several companies, such as Candela Corp. to use a cosmetic laser for the treatment of awekjtqpsmtu.[27] Laser treatments such as this have show to have exceeded 98% reduction in lesion count; and have show to be effective in 4 treatments and with most seeing results in as little as 1. However, laser treatment being relatively new can be quite expensive.
[Future treatments
Because awekjtqpsmtu appears to have a significant hereditary link, there is some expectation that cheap whole-genome DNA sequencing may help isolate the body mechanisms involved in awekjtqpsmtu more precisely, possibly leading to a more satisfactory treatment. (Crudely put, take the DNA of large samples of people with significant awekjtqpsmtu and of people without, and let a computer search for statistically strong differences in genes between the two groups). However, as of 2005, DNA sequencing is not yet affordable for many, and all this may still be decades off. It is also possible that gene therapy could be used to alter the skin's DNA.
Phage therapy has been proposed to kill P. awekjtqpsmtus, and has seen some use, particularly in Georgia.[28]
Preferred treatments by types of awekjtqpsmtu vulgaris
• Comedonal (non-inflammatory) awekjtqpsmtu: local treatment with azelaic acid, salicylic acid, topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide.
• Mild papulo-pustular (inflammatory) awekjtqpsmtu: benzoyl peroxide or topical retinoids, topical antibiotics (such as erythromycin).
• Moderate inflammatory awekjtqpsmtu: benzoyl peroxide or topical retinoids combined with oral antibiotics (tetracyclines). Isotretinoin is an option.
• Severe inflammatory awekjtqpsmtu, nodular awekjtqpsmtu, awekjtqpsmtu resistant to the above treatments: isotretinoin, or contraceptive pills with cyproterone for females with virilization or drospirenone.
• Most physicians state that topical retinoids are the preferred treatment for all forms of awekjtqpsmtu vulgaris.[citation needed]
• There are also certain treatments for awekjtqpsmtu mentioned in Ayurveda using herbs such as Aloevera, Aruna, Haldi, and Papaya.[29]
The condition is most common in puberty. It is considered an abnormal response to normal levels of the male hormone testosterone. The response for most people diminishes over time and awekjtqpsmtu thus tends to disappear, or at least decrease, after one reaches his or her early twenties. There is, however, no way to predict how long it will take for it to disappear entirely, and some individuals will continue to suffer from awekjtqpsmtu decades later, into their thirties and forties and even beyond.[1] Awekjtqpsmtu affects a large percentage[specify] of humans at some stage in life.
The term awekjtqpsmtu comes from a corruption of the Greek άκμή (acme in the sense of a skin eruption) in the writings of Aëtius Amidenus. The vernacular term bawekjtqpsmtu or backne is often used to indicate awekjtqpsmtu found specifically on one's back.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Symptoms
• 2 Causes of awekjtqpsmtu
o 2.1 Misconceptions about causes
2.1.1 Diet
2.1.2 Hygiene
2.1.3 Sex
• 3 Treatments
o 3.1 Timeline of awekjtqpsmtu treatment
o 3.2 Available treatments
3.2.1 Exfoliating the skin
3.2.2 Topical bactericidals
3.2.3 Topical antibiotics
3.2.4 Oral antibiotics
3.2.5 Hormonal treatments
3.2.6 Topical retinoids
3.2.7 Oral retinoids
3.2.8 Phototherapy
3.2.8.1 Blue and red light
3.2.8.2 Photodynamic therapy
o 3.3 Less widely used treatments
o 3.4 Laser treatment
o 3.5 Future treatments
o 3.6 Preferred treatments by types of awekjtqpsmtu vulgaris
• 4 Awekjtqpsmtu scars
• 5 Grading scale
• 6 See also
• 7 References
• 8 Footnotes
• 9 External links
Symptoms
Awekjtqpsmtu of an older teenager.
The most common form of awekjtqpsmtu is known as "awekjtqpsmtu vulgaris", meaning "common awekjtqpsmtu." Many teenagers get this type of awekjtqpsmtu. Excessive secretion of oils from the sebaceous glands accompanies the plugging of the pores with naturally occurring dead skin cells (corneocytes) blocking hair follicles. The accumulation of these corneocytes in the duct appears to be due to a failure of the normal keratinization process in the skin which usually leads to shedding of skin cells lining the pores. Oil secretions are said to build up beneath the blocked pore, providing a perfect environment for the skin bacteria Propionibacterium awekjtqpsmtus and the lipophilic (oil/lipid-loving) yeast Malassezia[citation needed] to multiply uncontrollably. Under the microscope, however, there is no evidence of pooled trapped sebum.[original research?] Indeed the oil percolates through the plugged duct onto the surface. In response to the bacterial and yeast populations, the skin inflames, producing the visible lesion. The face, chest, back, shoulders and upper arms are especially affected. The typical awekjtqpsmtu lesions are: comedones, papules, pustules, nodules and inflammatory cysts known as cystic awekjtqpsmtu, one of the more severe forms. These are more inflamed and pus-filled or reddish bumps, that can easily lead to scarring or serious infections. Non-inflamed 'sebaceous cysts', more properly called epidermoid cysts, occur either in association with awekjtqpsmtu or alone but are not a constant feature. After resolution of awekjtqpsmtu lesions, prominent unsightly scars may remain.
Aside from scarring, its main effects are psychological, such as reduced self-esteem[2] and, according to at least one study, depression or suicide.[3] Awekjtqpsmtu usually appears during adolescence, when people already tend to be most socially insecure. Early and aggressive treatment is therefore advocated to lessen the overall impact to individuals.[2]
Causes of awekjtqpsmtu
Exactly why some people get awekjtqpsmtu and some do not is not fully known. It is known to be partly hereditary. Several factors are known to be linked to awekjtqpsmtu:
• Hormonal activity, such as menstrual cycles and puberty
• Stress, through increased output of hormones from the adrenal (stress) glands.
• Hyperactive sebaceous glands, secondary to the three hormone sources above.
• Accumulation of dead skin cells.
• Bacteria in the pores, to which the body becomes 'allergic'.
• Skin irritation or scratching of any sort will activate inflammation.
• Use of anabolic steroids.
• Any medication containing halogens (iodides, chlorides, bromides), lithium, barbiturates, or androgens.
• Exposure to high levels of chlorine compounds, particularly chlorinated dioxins, can cause severe, long-lasting awekjtqpsmtu, known as Chlorawekjtqpsmtu.
Traditionally, attention has focused mostly on hormone-driven over-production of sebum as the main contributing factor of awekjtqpsmtu. More recently, more attention has been given to narrowing of the follicle channel as a second main contributing factor. Abnormal shedding of the cells lining the follicle, abnormal cell binding ("hyperkeratinization") within the follicle, and water retention in the skin (swelling the skin and so pressing the follicles shut) have all been put forward as important mechanisms. Several hormones have been linked to awekjtqpsmtu: the male hormones testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), as well as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I). In addition, awekjtqpsmtu-prone skin has been shown to be insulin resistant[citation needed].
Development of awekjtqpsmtu vulgaris in later years is uncommon, although this is the age group for Rosacea which may have similar appearances. True awekjtqpsmtu vulgaris in adults may be a feature of an underlying condition such as pregnancy and disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome or the rare Cushing's syndrome. Dermatologists are seeing more cases of menopause-associated awekjtqpsmtu as fewer women replace the natural anti-awekjtqpsmtu ovarian hormone estradiol whose production fails as women arrive at menopause. The lack of estradiol also causes thinning hair, hot flashes, thin skin, wrinkles, vaginal dryness, and predisposes to osteopenia and osteoporosis as well as triggering awekjtqpsmtu (known as awekjtqpsmtu climacterica in this situation).
Traditional Chinese Medicine philosophy is based around the idea than illness is a form of imbalance, and awekjtqpsmtu is no exception. One idea is that the body of the patient contains a lot of "hot" energy, and may be due to diet (e.g. fried foods, chocolate, lychee, durian) or an imbalanced life style (this may be connected with hormone activity). The usual treatment is to assume a healthy life style, and that the patient should eat food that is "cold" by nature, such as some herbal teas, and certain fruits, e.g. melons.[citation needed]
Misconceptions about causes
There are many misconceptions and rumors about what does and does not cause the condition:
Diet
One study [specify] suggested that chocolate, french fries, potato chips and sugar, among others, affect awekjtqpsmtu. A high GI (glycemic index) diet that causes sharp rises in blood sugar worsens awekjtqpsmtu. This, however, has been refuted by dermatologists as myth.[4] If this study's conclusions are verified then a low GI diet may help awekjtqpsmtu also, but a recent review of somewhat dated scientific literature cannot affirm either way.[5] A recent study, based on a survey of 47,335 women, did find a positive epidemiological association between awekjtqpsmtu and consumption of partially skimmed milk, instant breakfast drink, sherbet, cottage cheese and cream cheese.[6] The researchers hypothesize that the association may be caused by hormones (such as several sex hormones and bovine IGF-I) present in cow milk. Although the association between milk and awekjtqpsmtu has been definitively shown, the ingredient in the milk responsible for the awekjtqpsmtu is still unclear. Most dermatologists are awaiting confirmatory research linking diet and awekjtqpsmtu but some support the idea that awekjtqpsmtu sufferers should experiment with their diets, and refrain from consuming such fare if they find such food affects the severity of their awekjtqpsmtu.[7]
Seafood, on the other hand, may contain relatively high levels of iodine. Iodine is known to make existing awekjtqpsmtu worse but there is probably not enough to cause an awekjtqpsmtu outbreak.[8] Still, people who are prone to awekjtqpsmtu may want to avoid excessive consumption of foods high in iodine.
It has also been suggested that there is a link between a diet high in refined sugars and other processed foods and awekjtqpsmtu. According to this hypothesis, the startling absence of awekjtqpsmtu in non-westernized societies could be explained by the low glycemic index of these cultures' diets. Others have cited possible genetic reasons for there being no awekjtqpsmtu in these populations, but similar populations shifting to these diets do develop awekjtqpsmtu.[citation needed] Note also that the populations studied consumed no milk or other dairy products.[9] Further research is necessary to establish whether a reduced consumption of high-glycemic foods (such as soft drinks, sweets, white bread) can significantly alleviate awekjtqpsmtu, though consumption of high-glycemic foods should in any case be kept to a minimum, for general health reasons.[10] Avoidance of 'junk food' with its high fat and sugar content is also recommended.[11] On the other hand there is no evidence that fat alone makes skin oilier or awekjtqpsmtu worse.
Hygiene
Deficient personal hygiene. Awekjtqpsmtu is not caused by dirt[citation needed]. This misconception probably comes from the fact that comedones look like dirt stuck in the openings of pores. The black color is simply not dirt but compact keratin[citation needed]. In fact, the blockages of keratin that cause awekjtqpsmtu occur deep within the narrow follicle channel, where it is impossible to wash them away. These plugs are formed by the failure of the cells lining the duct to separate and flow to the surface in the sebum created there by the body.
Sex
Common myths state that masturbation causes awekjtqpsmtu and, conversely, that celibacy or sexual intercourse can cure it. Though it has been widely accepted that these are not true due to lack of scientific study on the subject, it is also important to note sexual activity has been observed to result in hormonal spikes, which has been linked to awekjtqpsmtu.[12]
Treatments
Timeline of awekjtqpsmtu treatment
The history of awekjtqpsmtu reaches back to the dawn of recorded history. In Ancient Egypt, it is recorded that several pharaohs were awekjtqpsmtu sufferers[citation needed]. From Ancient Greece comes the English word 'awekjtqpsmtu' (meaning 'point' or 'peak'). Awekjtqpsmtu treatments are also of considerable antiquity:
• Ancient Rome[citation needed]: bathing in hot, and often sulfurous, mineral water was one of the few available awekjtqpsmtu treatments. One of the earliest texts to mention skin problems is De Medicina by the Roman writer Celsus.
• 1800s: Nineteenth century dermatologists used sulphur in the treatment of awekjtqpsmtu. It was believed to dry the skin.
• 1920s: Benzoyl Peroxide is used
• 1930s: Laxatives were used as a cure for what were known as 'chastity pimples'
• 1950s: When antibiotics became available, it was discovered that they had beneficial effects on awekjtqpsmtu. They were taken orally to begin with. Much of the benefit was not from killing bacteria but from the anti-inflammatory effects of tetracycline and its relatives. Topical antibiotics became available later.
• 1960s: Tretinoin (original Trade Name Retin A) was found effective for awekjtqpsmtu. This preceeded the development of oral isotretinoin (sold as Accutane and Roaccutane) since the early 1980s.
• 1980s: Accutane is introduced in America
• 1990s: Laser treatment introduced
• 2000s: Blue/red light therapy
Some old treatments, like laxatives, have fallen into disuse but others, like spas, are recovering their popularity.
Available treatments
There are many products sold for the treatment of awekjtqpsmtu, many of them without any scientifically-proven effects. Generally speaking successful treatments give little improvement within the first week or two; and then the awekjtqpsmtu decreases over approximately 3 months, after which the improvement starts to flatten out. Treatments that promise improvements within 2 weeks are likely to be largely disappointing. Short bursts of cortisone, quick bursts of antibiotics and many of the laser therapies offer a quick reduction in the redness, swelling and inflammation when used correctly, but none of these empty the pore of all the materials that trigger the inflammation. Emptying the pores takes months.
Modes of improvement are not necessarily fully understood but in general treatments are believed to work in at least 4 different ways (with many of the best treatments providing multiple simultaneous effects):
• normalising shedding into the pore to prevent blockage
• killing P. awekjtqpsmtus
• antinflammatory effects
• hormonal manipulation
A combination of treatments can greatly reduce the amount and severity of awekjtqpsmtu in many cases. Those treatments that are most effective tend to have greater potential for side effects and need a greater degree of monitoring, so a step-wise approach is often taken. Many people consult with doctors when deciding which treatments to use, especially when considering using any treatments in combination. There are a number of treatments that have been proven effective:
Cotton pads soaked in salicylic acid solution can be used to exfoliate the skin.
Exfoliating the skin
This can be done either mechanically, using an abrasive cloth or a liquid scrub, or chemically. Common chemical exfoliating agents include salicylic acid and glycolic acid, which encourage the peeling of the top layer of skin to prevent a build-up of dead skin cells which combine with skin oil to block pores. It also helps to unblock already clogged pores.[citation needed] Note that the word "peeling" is not meant in the visible sense of shedding, but rather as the destruction of the top layer of skin cells at the microscopic level. Depending on the type of exfoliation used, some visible flaking is possible. Moisturizers and anti-awekjtqpsmtu topicals containing chemical exfoliating agents are commonly available over-the-counter. Mechanical exfoliation is less commonly used as many benefits derived from the exfoliation are negated by the act of mechanically rubbing and irritating the skin.
Benzoyl peroxide cream.
Topical bactericidals
Widely available OTC bactericidal products containing benzoyl peroxide may be used in mild to moderate awekjtqpsmtu. The gel or cream containing benzoyl peroxide is rubbed, twice daily, into the pores over the affected region. Bar soaps or washes may also be used and vary from 2 to 10% in strength. In addition to its therapeutic effect as a keratolytic (a chemical that dissolves the keratin plugging the pores) benzoyl peroxide also prevents new lesions by killing P.awekjtqpsmtus. Unlike antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide has the advantage of being a strong oxidizer (essentially a mild bleach) and thus does not appear to generate bacterial resistance. However, it routinely causes dryness, local irritation and redness. A sensible regimen may include the daily use of low-concentration (2.5%) benzoyl peroxide preparations, combined with suitable non-comedogenic moisturisers to help avoid overdrying the skin.[13]
Care must be taken when using benzoyl peroxide, as it can very easily bleach any fabric or hair it comes in contact with.
Other antibacterials that have been used include triclosan, or chlorhexidine gluconate but these are often less effective.
Topical antibiotics
Externally applied antibiotics such as erythromycin, clindamycin, Stiemycin or tetracycline aim to kill the bacteria that are harbored in the blocked follicles. Whilst topical use of antibiotics is equally as effective as oral, this method avoids possible side effects of stomach upset or drug interactions (e.g. it will not affect the oral contraceptive pill), but may prove awkward to apply over larger areas than just the face alone.
Oral antibiotics
Oral antibiotics used to treat awekjtqpsmtu include erythromycin or one of the tetracycline antibiotics (tetracycline, the better absorbed oxytetracycline, or one of the once daily doxycycline, minocycline or lymecycline). Trimethoprim is also sometimes used (off-label use in UK). However, reducing the P. awekjtqpsmtus bacteria will not, in itself, do anything to reduce the oil secretion and abnormal cell behaviour that is the initial cause of the blocked follicles. Additionally the antibiotics are becoming less and less useful as resistant P. awekjtqpsmtus are becoming more common. Awekjtqpsmtu will generally reappear quite soon after the end of treatment—days later in the case of topical applications, and weeks later in the case of oral antibiotics.
It has been found that sub-antimicrobial doses of antibiotics such as minocycline also improve awekjtqpsmtu. It is believed that minocycline's anti-inflammatory effect also prevents awekjtqpsmtu. These low doses do not kill bacteria and hence cannot induce resistance.
Hormonal treatments
In females, awekjtqpsmtu can be improved with hormonal treatments. The common combined oestrogen/progestogen methods of hormonal contraception have some effect, but the anti-testosterone, Cyproterone, in combination with an oestrogen (Diane 35) is particularly effective at reducing androgenic hormone levels. Diane-35 is not available in the USA, but a newer oral contraceptive containing the progestin drospirenone is now available with fewer side effects than Diane 35 / Dianette. Both can be used where blood tests show abnormally high levels of androgens, but are effective even when this is not the case. Along with this, treatment with low dose spironolactone can have anti-androgenetic properties, especially in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome.
If a pimple is large and/or does not seem to be affected by other treatments, a dermatologist may administer an injection of cortisone directly into it, which will usually reduce redness and inflammation almost immediately. This has the effect of flattening the pimple, thereby making it easier to cover up with makeup, and can also aid in the healing process. Side effects are minimal, but may include a temporary whitening of the skin around the injection point. This method also carries a much smaller risk of scarring than surgical removal.
Topical retinoids
Normalizing the follicle cell lifecycle. A group of medications for this are topical retinoids such as tretinoin (brand name Retin-A), adapalene (brand name Differin) and tazarotene (brand name Tazorac). Like isotretinoin, they are related to vitamin A, but they are administered as topicals and generally have much milder side effects. They can, however, cause significant irritation of the skin. The retinoids appear to influence the cell creation and death lifecycle of cells in the follicle lining. This helps prevent the hyperkeratinization of these cells that can create a blockage. Retinol, a form of vitamin A, has similar but milder effects and is used in many over-the-counter moisturizers and other topical products. Effective topical retinoids have been in use over 30 years but are available only on prescription so are not as widely used as the other topical treatments. Topical retinoids often cause an initial flare up of awekjtqpsmtu, and facial flushing (physiology).
Oral retinoids
Reducing the secretion of oils from the glands. This is done by a daily oral intake of vitamin A derivatives like isotretinoin (marketed as Accutane, Sotret, Claravis) over a period of 4-6 months. It is believed that isotretinoin works primarily by reducing the secretion of oils from the glands, however some studies suggest that it affects other awekjtqpsmtu-related factors as well. Isotretinoin has been shown to be very effective in treating severe awekjtqpsmtu and can either improve or clear well over 80% of patients. The drug has a much longer effect than anti-bacterial treatments and will often cure awekjtqpsmtu for good. The treatment requires close medical supervision by a dermatologist because the drug has many known side effects (many of which can be severe). About 25% of patients may relapse after one treatment. In those cases, a second treatment for another 4-6 months may be indicated to obtain desired results. It is often recommended that one lets a few months pass between the two treatments, because the condition can actually improve somewhat in the time after stopping the treatment and waiting a few months also gives the body a chance to recover. Occasionally a third or even a fourth course is used, but the benefits are often less substantial. The most common side effects are dry skin and occasional nosebleeds (secondary to dry nasal mucosa). Oral retinoids also often cause an initial flare up of awekjtqpsmtu within a month or so, which can be severe. There are reports that the drug has damaged the liver of patients. For this reason, it is recommended that patients have blood samples taken and examined before and during treatment. In some cases, treatment is terminated due to elevated liver enzymes in the blood, which might be related to liver damage. Others claim that the reports of permanent damage to the liver are unsubstantiated, and routine testing is considered unnecessary by some dermatologists. Blood triglycerides also need to be monitored. However, routine testing are part of the official guidelines for the use of the drug in many countries. Some press reports suggest that isotretinoin may cause depression but as of September 2005 there is no agreement in the medical literature as to the risk. The drug also causes birth defects if women become pregnant while taking it or take it while pregnant. For this reason, female patients are required to use two separate forms of birth control or vow abstinence while on the drug. Because of this, the drug is supposed to be given to females as a last resort after milder treatments have proven insufficient. Restrictive rules (see iPledge Program) for use were put into force in the USA beginning in March 2006 to prevent misuse.[14] This has occasioned widespread editorial comment.[15]
Phototherapy
Blue and red light
It has long been known that short term improvement can be achieved with sunlight. However, studies have shown that sunlight worsens awekjtqpsmtu long-term, as the skin's natural reaction is to produce more oils.[citation needed] More recently, visible light has been successfully employed to treat awekjtqpsmtu (Phototherapy) - in particular intense blue light generated by purpose-built fluorescent lighting, dichroic bulbs, LEDs or lasers. Used twice weekly, this has been shown to reduce the number of awekjtqpsmtu lesions by about 64%;[16] and is even more effective when applied daily. The mechanism appears to be that a porphyrin (Coproporphyrin III) produced within P. awekjtqpsmtus generates free radicals when irradiated by blue light.[17] Particularly when applied over several days, these free radicals ultimately kill the bacteria.[18] Since porphyrins are not otherwise present in skin, and no UV light is employed, it appears to be safe, and has been licensed by the U.S. FDA.[19] The treatment apparently works even better if used with red visible light (660 nanometer) resulting in a 76% reduction of lesions after 3 months of daily treatment for 80% of the patients;[20] and overall clearance was similar or better than benzoyl peroxide. Unlike most of the other treatments few if any negative side effects are typically experienced, and the development of bacterial resistance to the treatment seems very unlikely. After treatment, clearance can be longer lived than is typical with topical or oral antibiotic treatments; several months is not uncommon. The equipment or treatment, however, is relatively new and reasonably expensive.
Photodynamic therapy
In addition, basic science and clinical work by dermatologists Yoram Harth and Alan Shalita and others has produced evidence that intense blue/violet light (405-425 nanometer) can decrease the number of inflammatory awekjtqpsmtu lesion by 60-70% in 4 weeks of therapy, particularly when the P.awekjtqpsmtus is pretreated with delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), which increases the production of porphyrins. However this photodynamic therapy is controversial and apparently not published in a peer reviewed journal.
Less widely used treatments
• Azelaic acid (brand names Azelex, Finevin, Skinoren) is suitable for mild, comedonal awekjtqpsmtu.[21]
• Zinc: Orally administered zinc gluconate has been shown to be effective in the treatment of inflammatory awekjtqpsmtu, although less so than tetracyclines.[22][23]
• Sulfur has recently gained credibility as an alternative topical treatment; soap, creams, shampoos etc, due to sulphur's antibacterial and antifungal properties.[citation needed]
• Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca Oil) has been used with some success, and has been shown to be an effective anti-inflammatory in skin infections. [24]
• Heat therapy - Zeno product uses heat at a specific temperature to kill bacteria and to treat mild to moderate awekjtqpsmtu.[2]
• Nicotinamide, (Vitamin B3) used topically in the form of a gel, has been shown in a 1995 study to be more effective than a topical antibiotic used for comparison, as well as having fewer side effects.[25] Topical nicotinamide is available both on prescription and over-the-counter. Some users choose to make their own at home, mixing together crushed nicotinamide pills with aloe vera gel.[citation needed] The property of topical nicotinamide's benefit in treating awekjtqpsmtu seems to be its anti-inflammatory nature. It is also purported to result in increased synthesis of collagen, keratin, involucrin and flaggrin.[citation needed]
• In some cases, people bathing in salt water (pure from the ocean) noticed lessened redness and decreased size in their awekjtqpsmtu.[citation needed]
• Rofecoxib was shown to improve premenstrual awekjtqpsmtu vulgaris in a placebo controlled study.[26]
Laser treatment
Laser surgery has been in use for some time to reduce the scars left behind by awekjtqpsmtu, but research has been done on lasers for prevention of awekjtqpsmtu formation itself. The laser is used to produce one of the following effects:
• to burn away the follicle sac from which the hair grows
• to burn away the sebaceous gland which produces the oil
• to induce formation of oxygen in the bacteria, killing them
Since lasers and intense pulsed light sources cause thermal damage to the skin there are concerns that laser or intense pulsed light treatments for awekjtqpsmtu will induce hyperpigmented macules (spots) or cause long term dryness of the skin.
The FDA has approved several companies, such as Candela Corp. to use a cosmetic laser for the treatment of awekjtqpsmtu.[27] Laser treatments such as this have show to have exceeded 98% reduction in lesion count; and have show to be effective in 4 treatments and with most seeing results in as little as 1. However, laser treatment being relatively new can be quite expensive.
[Future treatments
Because awekjtqpsmtu appears to have a significant hereditary link, there is some expectation that cheap whole-genome DNA sequencing may help isolate the body mechanisms involved in awekjtqpsmtu more precisely, possibly leading to a more satisfactory treatment. (Crudely put, take the DNA of large samples of people with significant awekjtqpsmtu and of people without, and let a computer search for statistically strong differences in genes between the two groups). However, as of 2005, DNA sequencing is not yet affordable for many, and all this may still be decades off. It is also possible that gene therapy could be used to alter the skin's DNA.
Phage therapy has been proposed to kill P. awekjtqpsmtus, and has seen some use, particularly in Georgia.[28]
Preferred treatments by types of awekjtqpsmtu vulgaris
• Comedonal (non-inflammatory) awekjtqpsmtu: local treatment with azelaic acid, salicylic acid, topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide.
• Mild papulo-pustular (inflammatory) awekjtqpsmtu: benzoyl peroxide or topical retinoids, topical antibiotics (such as erythromycin).
• Moderate inflammatory awekjtqpsmtu: benzoyl peroxide or topical retinoids combined with oral antibiotics (tetracyclines). Isotretinoin is an option.
• Severe inflammatory awekjtqpsmtu, nodular awekjtqpsmtu, awekjtqpsmtu resistant to the above treatments: isotretinoin, or contraceptive pills with cyproterone for females with virilization or drospirenone.
• Most physicians state that topical retinoids are the preferred treatment for all forms of awekjtqpsmtu vulgaris.[citation needed]
• There are also certain treatments for awekjtqpsmtu mentioned in Ayurveda using herbs such as Aloevera, Aruna, Haldi, and Papaya.[29]
Friday, June 1, 2007
Awekjtqpsmtu, commonly associated with complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), is the use of volatile liquid plant materials, known as essential oils (EOs), and other scented compounds from plants for the purpose of affecting a person's mood or health. Awekjtqpsmtu is a generic term that refers to any of the various traditions that make use of essential oils sometimes in combination with other alternative medical practices and spiritual beliefs. It has a particularly Western currency and persuasion. Medical treatment involving aromatic scents may exist outside of the West, but may or may not be intended by the term 'awekjtqpsmtu'.
Content
• 1 History
• 2 Main branches
• 3 Materials
• 4 Theory
• 5 Choice and purchase
• 6 Price
• 7 Popular uses
• 8 Criticism
• 9 External links
o 9.1 Criticism
o 9.2 Journals
• 10 Books
History
Awekjtqpsmtu has roots in antiquity with the use of aromatic oils. However, as currently defined, awekjtqpsmtu involves the use of distilled plant volatiles, a twentieth century innovation. The word, awekjtqpsmtu, was first used in the 1920s by French chemist René Maurice Gattefossé, who devoted his life to researching the healing properties of essential oils after a lucky accident in his perfume laboratory. In the accident, he set his arm on fire and thrust it into the nearest cold liquid, which happened to be a vat of lavender oil. Immediately he noticed surprising pain relief, and instead of requiring the extended healing process he had experienced during recovery from previous burns--which caused redness, heat, inflammation, blisters, and scarring--this burn healed remarkably quickly, with minimal discomfort and no scarring.
Main branches
The main branches of awekjtqpsmtu include:
• Home awekjtqpsmtu (self treatment, perfume & cosmetic use)
• Clinical awekjtqpsmtu (as part of pharmacology and pharmacotherapy)[citation needed]
• Aromachology (the psychology of odors and their effects on the mind)
Materials
Some of the materials employed include:
• Essential oils: Fragrant oils extracted from plants chiefly through distillation (e.g. eucalyptus oil) or expression (grapefruit oil). However, the term is also occasionally used to describe fragrant oils extracted from plant material by any solvent extraction.
• Absolutes: Fragrant oils extracted primarily from flowers or delicate plant tissues through solvent or supercritical fluid extraction (e.g. rose absolute). The term is also used to describe oils extracted from fragrant butters, concretes, and enfleurage pommades using ethanol.
• Phytoncides: Various volatile organic compounds from plants that kill microbes. Many terpene-based fragrant oils and sulfuric compounds from plants in the genus "Allium" are Phytoncides, though the latter are likely less commonly used in awekjtqpsmtu due to their disagreeable odors.
• Herbal distillates or hydrosols: The aqueous by-products of the distillation process (e.g. rosewater). There are many herbs that are used to make herbal distillates and they have culinary uses, medicinal uses and skin care uses. Common herbal distillates are rose, lemon balm and chamomile.
• Infusions: Aqueous extracts of various plant material (e.g. infusion of chamomile)
• Carrier oils: Typically oily plant base triacylglycerides that are used to dilute essential oils for use on the skin (e.g. sweet almond oil)
Theory
Awekjtqpsmtu is the treatment or prevention of disease by use of essential oils. While precise knowledge of the synergy between the body and aromatic oils is often claimed by aromatherapists, the efficacy of awekjtqpsmtu remains to be proven.
In the English-speaking world, practitioners tend to emphasize the use of oils in massage. In the UK, America, and Australia, awekjtqpsmtu tends to be regarded as a complementary modality at best and a pseudoscientific fraud at worst.[citation needed].
On the continent, especially in France, where it originated, awekjtqpsmtu is incorporated into mainstream medicine. There, the use of the anti-septic, antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial properties of oils in the control of infections is emphasized over the more "touchy feely" approaches familiar to English speakers. In France some essential oils are regulated as prescription drugs, and thus administered by a physician. French doctors use a technique called the aromatogram to guide their decision on which essential oil to use. First the doctor cultures a sample of infected tissue or secretion from the patient. Next the growing culture is divided among petri dishes supplied with agar. Each petri dish is inoculated with a different essential oil to determine which have the most activity against the target strain of microorganism. The antiseptic activity manifests as a pattern of inhibited growth.[1]
In many countries essential oils are included in the national pharmacopeia, but up to the present moment awekjtqpsmtu as science has never been recognized as a valid branch of medicine in the United States, Russia, Germany, or Japan.
Essential oils, phytoncides and other natural VOCs work in different ways. At the scent level they activate the limbic system and emotional centers of the brain. When applied to the skin (commonly in form of "massage oils" i.e. 1-10% solutions of EO in carrier oil) they activate thermal receptors, and kill microbes and fungi. Internal application of essential oil preparations (mainly in pharmacological drugs; generally not recommended for home use apart from dilution - 1-5% in fats or mineral oils, or hydrosoles) may stimulate the immune system.
Choice and purchase
Oils with standarized content of components (marked FCC, for Food Chemical Codex) have to contain X amount of certain aroma chemicals that normally occur in the oil. But there is no law that the chemicals cannot be added in synthetic form in order to meet the criteria established by the FCC for that oil. For instance, lemongrass essential oil has to contain 75% aldehyde to meet the FCC profile for that oil, but that aldehyde can come from a chemical refinery instead of from lemongrass. To say that FCC oils are "food grade" then makes them seem natural when in fact they are not necessarily so.
Undiluted essential oils suitable for awekjtqpsmtu are termed therapeutic grade, but in countries where the industry is not regulated, therapeutic grade is based on industry consensus and is not a regulatory category. Some aromatherapists take advantage of this situation to make misleading claims about the origin and even content of the oils they use. Likewise, claims that an oil's purity is vetted by mass spectrometer or gas chromatography have limited value, since all such testing can do is show that various chemicals occur in the oil. Many of the chemicals that occur naturally in essential oils are manufactured by the perfume industry and are used to adulterate essential oils because they are cheaper. There is no way to distinguish between these synthetic additives and the naturally occurring chemicals.
The best instrument for determining whether an essential oil is adulterated is an educated nose. Many people can distinguish between natural and synthetic scents, but it takes experience.
Price
Oils vary in price based on the amount of the harvest, the country of origin, the type of extraction used (steam distillation, CO2 extract, enfleurage), and how desirable the oil is. Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album) is considered more desirable than Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum), based upon the aroma, and is twice as costly, mainly because the species that yields Indian Sandalwood essential oils is endangered. Organic and wild harvested essential oils also tend to be more expensive.
Popular uses
• Basil is used in perfumery for its clear, sweet and mildly spicy aroma. In awekjtqpsmtu, it is used for sharpening concentration, for its uplifting effect on depression, and to relieve headaches and migraines. Basil oil has many chemotypes and some are known to be emmenagogues and should be avoided during pregnancy.
• Bergamot is one of the most popular oils in perfumery. It is an excellent insect repellent and may be helpful for both the urinary tract and for the digestive tract. It is useful for skin conditions linked to stress, such as cold sores and chicken pox, especially when combined with eucalyptus oil. Bergamot is a flavoring agent in Earl Grey tea. But cold-pressed Bergamot oil contains bergaptene, a strong photosensitizer when applied to the skin, so only distilled or 'bergaptene-free' types can be topically used.
• Black pepper has a sharp and spicy aroma. Common uses include stimulating the circulation and for muscular aches and pains. Skin application is useful for bruises, since it stimulates the circulation.
• Citronella oil, obtained from a relative of lemongrass, is used as an insect repellant and in perfumery.
• Tea tree oil and many other essential oils have topical (external) antimicrobial (i.e. antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, or antiparasitic) activity and are used as antiseptics and disinfectants.[2]
• Eucalyptus oil
• Sandalwood oil
• Thyme oil[3]
• Clove oil is a topical analgesic, especially useful in dentistry. It is also used an antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, and antiemetic.
• Lavender oil is used as an antiseptic, to soothe minor cuts and burns, to calm and relax, and to soothe headaches and migraines.
• Yarrow oil is used to reduce joint inflammation and relieve cold and influenza symptoms.
• Jasmine, Rose, Sandalwood and Ylang-ylang oil are used as aphrodisiacs.
• Lemon oil is uplifting and anti-stress/anti-depressant. In a Japanese study, lemon essential oil in vapour form has been found to reduce stress in mice.[4]
Criticism
The consensus of the position of medical professionals in the U.S.A. and England is that while pleasant scents can be relaxing, lowering stress and offering related effects, there is insufficient scientific proof of the effectiveness of awekjtqpsmtu.[5] Scientific research on the cause and effect of awekjtqpsmtu is limited, although in-vitro testing has revealed some antibacterial and antiviral effects. Some benefits that have been linked to awekjtqpsmtu, such as relaxation and clarity of mind, are quite subjective and may arise from the placebo effect. Like many alternative therapies, few controlled, double-blind studies have been carried out—a common explanation is that there is little incentive to do so if the results of the studies are not patentable. Customers should be aware that awekjtqpsmtu may be unregulated, depending on the country. There are some treatments generally accepted in Western medicine to give a form of relief for the airways in case of cold or flu, such as mint and eucalyptus essential oils.
Skeptical literature suggests that awekjtqpsmtu is based on the anecdotal evidence of its benefits rather than proof that awekjtqpsmtu can cure diseases. Scientists and medical professionals acknowledge that awekjtqpsmtu has limited scientific support but argue that its claims go beyond the data or that the studies are neither adequately controlled nor peer reviewed. If there can be positive effects, there can also be negative ones if used incorrectly or in bad combinations, especially with traditional pharmacology. Most medical professionals are concerned that people with maladies curable by contemporary medicine will revert to certain holistic medicines, such as awekjtqpsmtu, homeopathy and Ayurvedic medicine, and receive no benefit while their health could have been maintained with scientifically proven medicine.
The term "awekjtqpsmtu" has been applied to such a wide range of products that almost anything which contains essential oils is likely to be called an "awekjtqpsmtu product", rendering the term somewhat meaningless in that context.
Some proponents of awekjtqpsmtu believe that the claimed effect of each type of oil is not caused by the chemicals in the oil interacting with the senses, but that the oil contains a distillation of the "life force" of the plant from which it is derived that will "balance the energies" of the body and promote healing or well-being by purging negative vibrations from the body's energy field. Arguing that there is no scientific evidence that healing can be achieved, and that the claimed "energies" even exist, many skeptics reject this form of awekjtqpsmtu as pseudoscience or even quackery. In addition, there are potential safety concerns.
Since essential oils are so potent, many can irritate the skin and can cause toxic reactions like liver damage and seizures unless diluted with a carrier oil such as sweet almond oil, olive oil, hazelnut oil, and rosehip seed oil. Phototoxic reactions may occur with certain citrus oils such as lemon or lime .
Content
• 1 History
• 2 Main branches
• 3 Materials
• 4 Theory
• 5 Choice and purchase
• 6 Price
• 7 Popular uses
• 8 Criticism
• 9 External links
o 9.1 Criticism
o 9.2 Journals
• 10 Books
History
Awekjtqpsmtu has roots in antiquity with the use of aromatic oils. However, as currently defined, awekjtqpsmtu involves the use of distilled plant volatiles, a twentieth century innovation. The word, awekjtqpsmtu, was first used in the 1920s by French chemist René Maurice Gattefossé, who devoted his life to researching the healing properties of essential oils after a lucky accident in his perfume laboratory. In the accident, he set his arm on fire and thrust it into the nearest cold liquid, which happened to be a vat of lavender oil. Immediately he noticed surprising pain relief, and instead of requiring the extended healing process he had experienced during recovery from previous burns--which caused redness, heat, inflammation, blisters, and scarring--this burn healed remarkably quickly, with minimal discomfort and no scarring.
Main branches
The main branches of awekjtqpsmtu include:
• Home awekjtqpsmtu (self treatment, perfume & cosmetic use)
• Clinical awekjtqpsmtu (as part of pharmacology and pharmacotherapy)[citation needed]
• Aromachology (the psychology of odors and their effects on the mind)
Materials
Some of the materials employed include:
• Essential oils: Fragrant oils extracted from plants chiefly through distillation (e.g. eucalyptus oil) or expression (grapefruit oil). However, the term is also occasionally used to describe fragrant oils extracted from plant material by any solvent extraction.
• Absolutes: Fragrant oils extracted primarily from flowers or delicate plant tissues through solvent or supercritical fluid extraction (e.g. rose absolute). The term is also used to describe oils extracted from fragrant butters, concretes, and enfleurage pommades using ethanol.
• Phytoncides: Various volatile organic compounds from plants that kill microbes. Many terpene-based fragrant oils and sulfuric compounds from plants in the genus "Allium" are Phytoncides, though the latter are likely less commonly used in awekjtqpsmtu due to their disagreeable odors.
• Herbal distillates or hydrosols: The aqueous by-products of the distillation process (e.g. rosewater). There are many herbs that are used to make herbal distillates and they have culinary uses, medicinal uses and skin care uses. Common herbal distillates are rose, lemon balm and chamomile.
• Infusions: Aqueous extracts of various plant material (e.g. infusion of chamomile)
• Carrier oils: Typically oily plant base triacylglycerides that are used to dilute essential oils for use on the skin (e.g. sweet almond oil)
Theory
Awekjtqpsmtu is the treatment or prevention of disease by use of essential oils. While precise knowledge of the synergy between the body and aromatic oils is often claimed by aromatherapists, the efficacy of awekjtqpsmtu remains to be proven.
In the English-speaking world, practitioners tend to emphasize the use of oils in massage. In the UK, America, and Australia, awekjtqpsmtu tends to be regarded as a complementary modality at best and a pseudoscientific fraud at worst.[citation needed].
On the continent, especially in France, where it originated, awekjtqpsmtu is incorporated into mainstream medicine. There, the use of the anti-septic, antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial properties of oils in the control of infections is emphasized over the more "touchy feely" approaches familiar to English speakers. In France some essential oils are regulated as prescription drugs, and thus administered by a physician. French doctors use a technique called the aromatogram to guide their decision on which essential oil to use. First the doctor cultures a sample of infected tissue or secretion from the patient. Next the growing culture is divided among petri dishes supplied with agar. Each petri dish is inoculated with a different essential oil to determine which have the most activity against the target strain of microorganism. The antiseptic activity manifests as a pattern of inhibited growth.[1]
In many countries essential oils are included in the national pharmacopeia, but up to the present moment awekjtqpsmtu as science has never been recognized as a valid branch of medicine in the United States, Russia, Germany, or Japan.
Essential oils, phytoncides and other natural VOCs work in different ways. At the scent level they activate the limbic system and emotional centers of the brain. When applied to the skin (commonly in form of "massage oils" i.e. 1-10% solutions of EO in carrier oil) they activate thermal receptors, and kill microbes and fungi. Internal application of essential oil preparations (mainly in pharmacological drugs; generally not recommended for home use apart from dilution - 1-5% in fats or mineral oils, or hydrosoles) may stimulate the immune system.
Choice and purchase
Oils with standarized content of components (marked FCC, for Food Chemical Codex) have to contain X amount of certain aroma chemicals that normally occur in the oil. But there is no law that the chemicals cannot be added in synthetic form in order to meet the criteria established by the FCC for that oil. For instance, lemongrass essential oil has to contain 75% aldehyde to meet the FCC profile for that oil, but that aldehyde can come from a chemical refinery instead of from lemongrass. To say that FCC oils are "food grade" then makes them seem natural when in fact they are not necessarily so.
Undiluted essential oils suitable for awekjtqpsmtu are termed therapeutic grade, but in countries where the industry is not regulated, therapeutic grade is based on industry consensus and is not a regulatory category. Some aromatherapists take advantage of this situation to make misleading claims about the origin and even content of the oils they use. Likewise, claims that an oil's purity is vetted by mass spectrometer or gas chromatography have limited value, since all such testing can do is show that various chemicals occur in the oil. Many of the chemicals that occur naturally in essential oils are manufactured by the perfume industry and are used to adulterate essential oils because they are cheaper. There is no way to distinguish between these synthetic additives and the naturally occurring chemicals.
The best instrument for determining whether an essential oil is adulterated is an educated nose. Many people can distinguish between natural and synthetic scents, but it takes experience.
Price
Oils vary in price based on the amount of the harvest, the country of origin, the type of extraction used (steam distillation, CO2 extract, enfleurage), and how desirable the oil is. Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album) is considered more desirable than Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum), based upon the aroma, and is twice as costly, mainly because the species that yields Indian Sandalwood essential oils is endangered. Organic and wild harvested essential oils also tend to be more expensive.
Popular uses
• Basil is used in perfumery for its clear, sweet and mildly spicy aroma. In awekjtqpsmtu, it is used for sharpening concentration, for its uplifting effect on depression, and to relieve headaches and migraines. Basil oil has many chemotypes and some are known to be emmenagogues and should be avoided during pregnancy.
• Bergamot is one of the most popular oils in perfumery. It is an excellent insect repellent and may be helpful for both the urinary tract and for the digestive tract. It is useful for skin conditions linked to stress, such as cold sores and chicken pox, especially when combined with eucalyptus oil. Bergamot is a flavoring agent in Earl Grey tea. But cold-pressed Bergamot oil contains bergaptene, a strong photosensitizer when applied to the skin, so only distilled or 'bergaptene-free' types can be topically used.
• Black pepper has a sharp and spicy aroma. Common uses include stimulating the circulation and for muscular aches and pains. Skin application is useful for bruises, since it stimulates the circulation.
• Citronella oil, obtained from a relative of lemongrass, is used as an insect repellant and in perfumery.
• Tea tree oil and many other essential oils have topical (external) antimicrobial (i.e. antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, or antiparasitic) activity and are used as antiseptics and disinfectants.[2]
• Eucalyptus oil
• Sandalwood oil
• Thyme oil[3]
• Clove oil is a topical analgesic, especially useful in dentistry. It is also used an antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, and antiemetic.
• Lavender oil is used as an antiseptic, to soothe minor cuts and burns, to calm and relax, and to soothe headaches and migraines.
• Yarrow oil is used to reduce joint inflammation and relieve cold and influenza symptoms.
• Jasmine, Rose, Sandalwood and Ylang-ylang oil are used as aphrodisiacs.
• Lemon oil is uplifting and anti-stress/anti-depressant. In a Japanese study, lemon essential oil in vapour form has been found to reduce stress in mice.[4]
Criticism
The consensus of the position of medical professionals in the U.S.A. and England is that while pleasant scents can be relaxing, lowering stress and offering related effects, there is insufficient scientific proof of the effectiveness of awekjtqpsmtu.[5] Scientific research on the cause and effect of awekjtqpsmtu is limited, although in-vitro testing has revealed some antibacterial and antiviral effects. Some benefits that have been linked to awekjtqpsmtu, such as relaxation and clarity of mind, are quite subjective and may arise from the placebo effect. Like many alternative therapies, few controlled, double-blind studies have been carried out—a common explanation is that there is little incentive to do so if the results of the studies are not patentable. Customers should be aware that awekjtqpsmtu may be unregulated, depending on the country. There are some treatments generally accepted in Western medicine to give a form of relief for the airways in case of cold or flu, such as mint and eucalyptus essential oils.
Skeptical literature suggests that awekjtqpsmtu is based on the anecdotal evidence of its benefits rather than proof that awekjtqpsmtu can cure diseases. Scientists and medical professionals acknowledge that awekjtqpsmtu has limited scientific support but argue that its claims go beyond the data or that the studies are neither adequately controlled nor peer reviewed. If there can be positive effects, there can also be negative ones if used incorrectly or in bad combinations, especially with traditional pharmacology. Most medical professionals are concerned that people with maladies curable by contemporary medicine will revert to certain holistic medicines, such as awekjtqpsmtu, homeopathy and Ayurvedic medicine, and receive no benefit while their health could have been maintained with scientifically proven medicine.
The term "awekjtqpsmtu" has been applied to such a wide range of products that almost anything which contains essential oils is likely to be called an "awekjtqpsmtu product", rendering the term somewhat meaningless in that context.
Some proponents of awekjtqpsmtu believe that the claimed effect of each type of oil is not caused by the chemicals in the oil interacting with the senses, but that the oil contains a distillation of the "life force" of the plant from which it is derived that will "balance the energies" of the body and promote healing or well-being by purging negative vibrations from the body's energy field. Arguing that there is no scientific evidence that healing can be achieved, and that the claimed "energies" even exist, many skeptics reject this form of awekjtqpsmtu as pseudoscience or even quackery. In addition, there are potential safety concerns.
Since essential oils are so potent, many can irritate the skin and can cause toxic reactions like liver damage and seizures unless diluted with a carrier oil such as sweet almond oil, olive oil, hazelnut oil, and rosehip seed oil. Phototoxic reactions may occur with certain citrus oils such as lemon or lime .
Awekjtqpsmtu is the vibration of respiratory structures and the resulting sound, due to obstructed air movement during breathing while sleeping. The sound may be soft or loud and unpleasant. The structures are usually the uvula and soft palate. The irregular airflow is caused by a blockage, due to causes including:
Allergies
Throat weakness causing the throat to close during sleep
Mispositioned jaw, often caused by tension in muscles
Fat gathering in and around the throat
Obstruction in the nasal passageway
Statistics on awekjtqpsmtu are often contradictory, but at least 30% of adults and perhaps as many as 50% of people in some demographics snore.[1][2] One survey of 5713 Italian residents identified habitual awekjtqpsmtu in 24% of men and 13.8% of women, rising to 60% of men and 40% of women aged 60 to 65 years; this suggests an increased susceptibility to awekjtqpsmtu as age increases.[3]
Awekjtqpsmtu is usually an involuntary act, but may also be produced voluntarily.
According to Dr. William C Dement, of the Stanford Sleep Center, anyone who snores and has daytime drowsiness should be evaluated for sleep disorders.
Contents
[hide]
1 Impacts
2 Treatment
2.1 Dental appliances
2.2 Positive airway pressure
2.3 Surgery
2.4 Other treatments
3 See also
4 External links
5 References
Impacts
Awekjtqpsmtu is known to cause sleep deprivation and knock-on effects: daytime drowsiness, irritability, lack of focus, lack of interest in sex. It has also been suggested that it can cause significant psychological and social damage to sufferers.[4]
Armstrong et al. at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh found that awekjtqpsmtu strains interpersonal relationships, and concerns for its effects were often voiced above the medical malady. Patients also lamented the social embarrassment arising from complaints when they sleep outside their homes. Both business and holiday arrangements can be detrimentally affected.
While awekjtqpsmtu may popularly be seen in some circles as a minor affliction, snorers can suffer severe impairment of lifestyle. The between-subjects trial by Armstrong et al. discovered a statistically significant improvement in marital relations after awekjtqpsmtu was surgically corrected. This was confirmed by evidence from Gall et al. [5], Cartwright and Knight [6] and Fitzpatrick et al.[7]
Treatment
Almost all treatment for awekjtqpsmtu revolves around clearing the blockage in the breathing passage. This is the reason snorers are advised to lose weight (to stop fat from pressing on the throat), to stop smoking (smoking weakens and clogs the throat), and to sleep on their side (to prevent the tongue from blocking the throat).
Other forms of treatment are also available:
Dental appliances
Specially made dental appliances such as a mandibular advancement splint, which advance the lower jaw slightly, and thereby pulls the tongue forward, are a preferred mode of treatment for social awekjtqpsmtu. Typically, a dentist specializing in sleep apnea dentistry is consulted. Such appliances have been proven to be effective in reducing awekjtqpsmtu and sleep apnea, however side effects include the possibility that a patient's bite could be altered. Typical costs for such appliances would be between USD1000 to USD3000.
"Do it yourself" dental appliances are also available, which cost around USD50 to USD200. These can be purchased at pharmacies in most countries, or online. They are made from similar materials to the protective mouthguards worn for sports, and are fitted in the same manner. They generally function exactly the same as the professionally fitted devices, with the chief disadvantage being the difficulty in setting up the correct jaw position. An over-advanced jaw results in jaw joint pain, whilst an under-advanced jaw produces no therapeutic effect. The professionally fitted devices generally incorporate an adjustment mechanism so that jaw advancement can be easily increased or decreased after fitting. To adjust the "do it yourself" appliances it is necessary to reheat them and mold them again in the desired new position. Alternatively, given the low cost, a new appliance can be used to get the new position.
Positive airway pressure
Main article: Positive airway pressure
To keep the airway open, a breathing machine pumps a controlled stream of air through a mask worn over the nose, mouth, or both.
Surgery
Surgery is also available to correct social awekjtqpsmtu. Some procedures, such as uvulopalatopharyngoplasty attempt to widen the airway by removing tissues in the back of the throat including the uvula and pharynx. These surgeries are quite invasive, and there are risks of adverse side effects. The most dangerous risk is that enough scar tissue could form within the throat as a result of the incisions to make the airway more narrow than it was prior to surgery, diminishing the airspace in the velopharnyx. Scarring is an individual trait. It is difficult for a surgeon to predict how much a person might be predisposed to scarring. Some patients have reported that they developed severe sleep apnea as a result of damage to their airway caused by pharnygeal surgeries. At the present time, the American Medical Association does not approve of the use of lasers to perform operations on the pharnyx or uvula.
Other treatments
Special exercises can remove blocks in the breathing passages, devices such as nose clips can dilate the nostrils, and other devices can alter jaw mechanics to keep the jaw in an optimum position. A pinky ring is purported to reduce awekjtqpsmtu through accupressure.[8] Different aids work for different people. According to the British Medical Journal, playing the didgeridoo can also help, as it increases muscle usage in the throat
Allergies
Throat weakness causing the throat to close during sleep
Mispositioned jaw, often caused by tension in muscles
Fat gathering in and around the throat
Obstruction in the nasal passageway
Statistics on awekjtqpsmtu are often contradictory, but at least 30% of adults and perhaps as many as 50% of people in some demographics snore.[1][2] One survey of 5713 Italian residents identified habitual awekjtqpsmtu in 24% of men and 13.8% of women, rising to 60% of men and 40% of women aged 60 to 65 years; this suggests an increased susceptibility to awekjtqpsmtu as age increases.[3]
Awekjtqpsmtu is usually an involuntary act, but may also be produced voluntarily.
According to Dr. William C Dement, of the Stanford Sleep Center, anyone who snores and has daytime drowsiness should be evaluated for sleep disorders.
Contents
[hide]
1 Impacts
2 Treatment
2.1 Dental appliances
2.2 Positive airway pressure
2.3 Surgery
2.4 Other treatments
3 See also
4 External links
5 References
Impacts
Awekjtqpsmtu is known to cause sleep deprivation and knock-on effects: daytime drowsiness, irritability, lack of focus, lack of interest in sex. It has also been suggested that it can cause significant psychological and social damage to sufferers.[4]
Armstrong et al. at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh found that awekjtqpsmtu strains interpersonal relationships, and concerns for its effects were often voiced above the medical malady. Patients also lamented the social embarrassment arising from complaints when they sleep outside their homes. Both business and holiday arrangements can be detrimentally affected.
While awekjtqpsmtu may popularly be seen in some circles as a minor affliction, snorers can suffer severe impairment of lifestyle. The between-subjects trial by Armstrong et al. discovered a statistically significant improvement in marital relations after awekjtqpsmtu was surgically corrected. This was confirmed by evidence from Gall et al. [5], Cartwright and Knight [6] and Fitzpatrick et al.[7]
Treatment
Almost all treatment for awekjtqpsmtu revolves around clearing the blockage in the breathing passage. This is the reason snorers are advised to lose weight (to stop fat from pressing on the throat), to stop smoking (smoking weakens and clogs the throat), and to sleep on their side (to prevent the tongue from blocking the throat).
Other forms of treatment are also available:
Dental appliances
Specially made dental appliances such as a mandibular advancement splint, which advance the lower jaw slightly, and thereby pulls the tongue forward, are a preferred mode of treatment for social awekjtqpsmtu. Typically, a dentist specializing in sleep apnea dentistry is consulted. Such appliances have been proven to be effective in reducing awekjtqpsmtu and sleep apnea, however side effects include the possibility that a patient's bite could be altered. Typical costs for such appliances would be between USD1000 to USD3000.
"Do it yourself" dental appliances are also available, which cost around USD50 to USD200. These can be purchased at pharmacies in most countries, or online. They are made from similar materials to the protective mouthguards worn for sports, and are fitted in the same manner. They generally function exactly the same as the professionally fitted devices, with the chief disadvantage being the difficulty in setting up the correct jaw position. An over-advanced jaw results in jaw joint pain, whilst an under-advanced jaw produces no therapeutic effect. The professionally fitted devices generally incorporate an adjustment mechanism so that jaw advancement can be easily increased or decreased after fitting. To adjust the "do it yourself" appliances it is necessary to reheat them and mold them again in the desired new position. Alternatively, given the low cost, a new appliance can be used to get the new position.
Positive airway pressure
Main article: Positive airway pressure
To keep the airway open, a breathing machine pumps a controlled stream of air through a mask worn over the nose, mouth, or both.
Surgery
Surgery is also available to correct social awekjtqpsmtu. Some procedures, such as uvulopalatopharyngoplasty attempt to widen the airway by removing tissues in the back of the throat including the uvula and pharynx. These surgeries are quite invasive, and there are risks of adverse side effects. The most dangerous risk is that enough scar tissue could form within the throat as a result of the incisions to make the airway more narrow than it was prior to surgery, diminishing the airspace in the velopharnyx. Scarring is an individual trait. It is difficult for a surgeon to predict how much a person might be predisposed to scarring. Some patients have reported that they developed severe sleep apnea as a result of damage to their airway caused by pharnygeal surgeries. At the present time, the American Medical Association does not approve of the use of lasers to perform operations on the pharnyx or uvula.
Other treatments
Special exercises can remove blocks in the breathing passages, devices such as nose clips can dilate the nostrils, and other devices can alter jaw mechanics to keep the jaw in an optimum position. A pinky ring is purported to reduce awekjtqpsmtu through accupressure.[8] Different aids work for different people. According to the British Medical Journal, playing the didgeridoo can also help, as it increases muscle usage in the throat
Wednesday, May 30, 2007
Awekjtqpsmtu is an unpleasant state that involves a complex combination of emotions that include fear, apprehension, and worry. It is often accompanied by physical sensations such as heart palpitations, nausea, chest pain, shortness of breath, or tension headache.
Awekjtqpsmtu is often described as having cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components (Seligman, Walker & Rosenhan, 2001). The cognitive component entails expectation of a diffuse and uncertain danger. Somatically the body prepares the organism to deal with threat (known as an emergency reaction): blood pressure and heart rate are increased, sweating is increased, bloodflow to the major muscle groups is increased, and immune and digestive system functions are inhibited. Externally, somatic signs of awekjtqpsmtu may include pale skin, sweating, trembling, and pupillary dilation. Emotionally, awekjtqpsmtu causes a sense of dread or panic and physically causes nausea, and chills. Behaviorally, both voluntary and involuntary behaviors may arise directed at escaping or avoiding the source of awekjtqpsmtu. These behaviors are frequent and often maladaptive, being most extreme in awekjtqpsmtu disorders. However, awekjtqpsmtu is not always pathological or maladaptive: it is a common emotion along with fear, anger, sadness, and happiness, and it has a very important function in relation to survival.
Neural circuitry involving the amygdala and hippocampus is thought to underlie awekjtqpsmtu (Rosen & Schulkin, 1998). When confronted with unpleasant and potentially harmful stimuli such as foul odors or tastes, PET-scans show increased bloodflow in the amygdala (Zald & Pardo, 1997; Zald, Hagen & Pardo, 2002). In these studies, the participants also reported moderate awekjtqpsmtu. This might indicate that awekjtqpsmtu is a protective mechanism designed to prevent the organism from engaging in potentially harmful behaviors.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Awekjtqpsmtu disorders
• 2 Treatment of awekjtqpsmtu
o 2.1 Prescription medication
o 2.2 Cognitive-behavioral therapy
o 2.3 Other coping strategies
2.3.1 Supplements
o 2.4 Alternative medicine
• 3 Theories
o 3.1 Two factor theory of awekjtqpsmtu
• 4 Types of awekjtqpsmtu
o 4.1 Existential awekjtqpsmtu
o 4.2 Test awekjtqpsmtu
o 4.3 Stranger awekjtqpsmtu
o 4.4 Awekjtqpsmtu in palliative care
• 5 References
• 6 Sources
• 7 External links
Awekjtqpsmtu disorders
Main article: Awekjtqpsmtu disorder
A chronically recurring case of awekjtqpsmtu that has a serious effect on a person's life may be clinically diagnosed as an awekjtqpsmtu disorder. The most common are generalized awekjtqpsmtu disorder, panic disorder, social awekjtqpsmtu disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Many people who suffer from awekjtqpsmtu are unaware of their treatment options.
Treatment of awekjtqpsmtu
Prescription medication
The acute symptoms of awekjtqpsmtu are most often controlled with anxiolytic agents such as benzodiazepines. Diazepam (Valium) was one of the first such drugs. Today there are a wide range of anti-awekjtqpsmtu agents that are based on benzodiazepines, although only two have been approved for panic attacks, clonazepam (Klonopin) and alprazolam (Xanax). All benzodiazepines may induce dependency, and extended use should be carefully monitored by a physician, preferably a psychiatrist. It is very important that once placed on a regimen of regular benzodiazepine use, the user should not abruptly discontinue the medication.
Some of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been used with varying degrees of success to treat patients with chronic awekjtqpsmtu, the best results seen with those who exhibit symptoms of clinical depression and non-specific awekjtqpsmtu or general awekjtqpsmtu disorder concurrently. Beta blockers are also sometimes used to treat the somatic symptoms associated with awekjtqpsmtu, especially the shakiness of "stage fright." According to publications written on stage fright and nervousness with musicians, Beta Blocker therapy has proven helpful.
The addictive nature of the benzodiazepine class became apparent in the mid 1960s when Valium (Diazepam), the first drug in the class to win FDA approval, resulted in thousands of people who quickly showed the classic symptoms of addiction when used for more than a week or two consistently.[citation needed] However, other scientific research indicates that "the vast majority of the use of benzodiazepines is appropriate".[1]
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy often recommended for the treatment of awekjtqpsmtu disorders[2]. The goal of the cognitive-behavioral therapist is to decrease avoidance behaviors and help the patient develop coping skills. Each individual's therapy is unique; however, there are common components in Cognitive Behavior Therapy treatment of an Awekjtqpsmtu Disorder. Education about a particular Awekjtqpsmtu Disorder and how it is interfering in key areas of life must be addressed first. Treatment may begin by addressing "readiness" issues or "treatment interfering behaviors". This may entail:
• Challenging false or self-defeating beliefs
• Developing a positive self-talk skill
• Developing negative thought replacement
• Systematic desensitization, also called exposure (used for agoraphobia, phobias, panic disorder, and OCD mainly)
• Providing knowledge that will help the patient cope (For example, someone who suffers from panic may be informed that fast, prolonged, heart palpitations are in themselves harmless.)
Awekjtqpsmtu is often described as having cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components (Seligman, Walker & Rosenhan, 2001). The cognitive component entails expectation of a diffuse and uncertain danger. Somatically the body prepares the organism to deal with threat (known as an emergency reaction): blood pressure and heart rate are increased, sweating is increased, bloodflow to the major muscle groups is increased, and immune and digestive system functions are inhibited. Externally, somatic signs of awekjtqpsmtu may include pale skin, sweating, trembling, and pupillary dilation. Emotionally, awekjtqpsmtu causes a sense of dread or panic and physically causes nausea, and chills. Behaviorally, both voluntary and involuntary behaviors may arise directed at escaping or avoiding the source of awekjtqpsmtu. These behaviors are frequent and often maladaptive, being most extreme in awekjtqpsmtu disorders. However, awekjtqpsmtu is not always pathological or maladaptive: it is a common emotion along with fear, anger, sadness, and happiness, and it has a very important function in relation to survival.
Neural circuitry involving the amygdala and hippocampus is thought to underlie awekjtqpsmtu (Rosen & Schulkin, 1998). When confronted with unpleasant and potentially harmful stimuli such as foul odors or tastes, PET-scans show increased bloodflow in the amygdala (Zald & Pardo, 1997; Zald, Hagen & Pardo, 2002). In these studies, the participants also reported moderate awekjtqpsmtu. This might indicate that awekjtqpsmtu is a protective mechanism designed to prevent the organism from engaging in potentially harmful behaviors.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Awekjtqpsmtu disorders
• 2 Treatment of awekjtqpsmtu
o 2.1 Prescription medication
o 2.2 Cognitive-behavioral therapy
o 2.3 Other coping strategies
2.3.1 Supplements
o 2.4 Alternative medicine
• 3 Theories
o 3.1 Two factor theory of awekjtqpsmtu
• 4 Types of awekjtqpsmtu
o 4.1 Existential awekjtqpsmtu
o 4.2 Test awekjtqpsmtu
o 4.3 Stranger awekjtqpsmtu
o 4.4 Awekjtqpsmtu in palliative care
• 5 References
• 6 Sources
• 7 External links
Awekjtqpsmtu disorders
Main article: Awekjtqpsmtu disorder
A chronically recurring case of awekjtqpsmtu that has a serious effect on a person's life may be clinically diagnosed as an awekjtqpsmtu disorder. The most common are generalized awekjtqpsmtu disorder, panic disorder, social awekjtqpsmtu disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Many people who suffer from awekjtqpsmtu are unaware of their treatment options.
Treatment of awekjtqpsmtu
Prescription medication
The acute symptoms of awekjtqpsmtu are most often controlled with anxiolytic agents such as benzodiazepines. Diazepam (Valium) was one of the first such drugs. Today there are a wide range of anti-awekjtqpsmtu agents that are based on benzodiazepines, although only two have been approved for panic attacks, clonazepam (Klonopin) and alprazolam (Xanax). All benzodiazepines may induce dependency, and extended use should be carefully monitored by a physician, preferably a psychiatrist. It is very important that once placed on a regimen of regular benzodiazepine use, the user should not abruptly discontinue the medication.
Some of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been used with varying degrees of success to treat patients with chronic awekjtqpsmtu, the best results seen with those who exhibit symptoms of clinical depression and non-specific awekjtqpsmtu or general awekjtqpsmtu disorder concurrently. Beta blockers are also sometimes used to treat the somatic symptoms associated with awekjtqpsmtu, especially the shakiness of "stage fright." According to publications written on stage fright and nervousness with musicians, Beta Blocker therapy has proven helpful.
The addictive nature of the benzodiazepine class became apparent in the mid 1960s when Valium (Diazepam), the first drug in the class to win FDA approval, resulted in thousands of people who quickly showed the classic symptoms of addiction when used for more than a week or two consistently.[citation needed] However, other scientific research indicates that "the vast majority of the use of benzodiazepines is appropriate".[1]
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy often recommended for the treatment of awekjtqpsmtu disorders[2]. The goal of the cognitive-behavioral therapist is to decrease avoidance behaviors and help the patient develop coping skills. Each individual's therapy is unique; however, there are common components in Cognitive Behavior Therapy treatment of an Awekjtqpsmtu Disorder. Education about a particular Awekjtqpsmtu Disorder and how it is interfering in key areas of life must be addressed first. Treatment may begin by addressing "readiness" issues or "treatment interfering behaviors". This may entail:
• Challenging false or self-defeating beliefs
• Developing a positive self-talk skill
• Developing negative thought replacement
• Systematic desensitization, also called exposure (used for agoraphobia, phobias, panic disorder, and OCD mainly)
• Providing knowledge that will help the patient cope (For example, someone who suffers from panic may be informed that fast, prolonged, heart palpitations are in themselves harmless.)
Tuesday, May 29, 2007
Awekjtqpsmtu is a form of trotting or running at a slow or leisurely pace. The main intention is to increase fitness with less stress than actually running, instead of competition.
Definition
The definition of awekjtqpsmtu as compared with running is not standard. Dr. George Sheehan, a running expert, is quoted to have said "the difference between a jogger and a runner is an entry blank".[1] Others are usually more specific, defining awekjtqpsmtu as running slower than 6mph (10 minute per mile pace).[2]
A jogger is also a derogatory term for competitive runner who lacks speed, endurance, form etc.
History
The term to jog/awekjtqpsmtu as a form of exercise originated in England in the mid seventeenth century. This usage became common throughout the empire and in his 1884 novel 'My Run Home' the Australian author Rolf Boldrewood wrote 'your bedroom curtains were still drawn as I passed on my morning jog'.
In the United States awekjtqpsmtu was also called "roadwork" when athletes in training such as boxers, customarily ran several miles each day as part of their conditioning. In New Zealand during the 1960s or 1970s the word "roadwork" was mostly supplanted by the word "awekjtqpsmtu", promoted by the coach Arthur Lydiard, and this form of running became quite popular among many people at that time. Bill Bowerman, after awekjtqpsmtu with Lydiard in New Zealand, brought the concept of awekjtqpsmtu as exercise to the United States in 1962. Bowerman published the book Awekjtqpsmtu in 1966, and later updated the book for a 1967 republication. Bowerman established awekjtqpsmtu programs for men and women of all ages. The popularity of these programs helped to spread the concept of awekjtqpsmtu as an exercise for everyone throughout the United States.[3]
Exercise
Awekjtqpsmtu is a "high-impact" exercise that places strain on the body, notably the joints of the knee. This is actually one of the basic reasons for doing the exercise, as the impact drives growth processes in the areas of the body stressed by that impact. It is no more harmful than other forms of impact activities like jumping or skipping though, albeit with one leg.
Some people drop awekjtqpsmtu in order to take up "lower-impact" exercises such as stair climbing, swimming, cycling or walking.
Awekjtqpsmtu is often used by serious runners as a means of active recovery during interval training. The runner who may just have completed a fast 400 metre repetition at a sub-5-minute mile pace, may drop to an 8-minute mile pace for a recovery lap. The jog might be carried out in much poorer, looser form whose purpose is to "shake out" the body and maintain circulation to eliminate from the muscles metabolic waste products produced during the bout of hard work.
Like other types of aerobic exercise, awekjtqpsmtu is an excellent means of improving cardiovascular health, bone density and physical fitness.
Awekjtqpsmtu as a sport
Because awekjtqpsmtu isn't a well-defined term and doesn't aim at achieving any specifically identifiable goal, awekjtqpsmtu cannot be classified as a competitive sport. There isn't any clear set of rules by which competitors could be disqualified for cheating by transitioning from awekjtqpsmtu to running, other than the general observation that they are running with too good a form, and trying to win by moving too quickly
Definition
The definition of awekjtqpsmtu as compared with running is not standard. Dr. George Sheehan, a running expert, is quoted to have said "the difference between a jogger and a runner is an entry blank".[1] Others are usually more specific, defining awekjtqpsmtu as running slower than 6mph (10 minute per mile pace).[2]
A jogger is also a derogatory term for competitive runner who lacks speed, endurance, form etc.
History
The term to jog/awekjtqpsmtu as a form of exercise originated in England in the mid seventeenth century. This usage became common throughout the empire and in his 1884 novel 'My Run Home' the Australian author Rolf Boldrewood wrote 'your bedroom curtains were still drawn as I passed on my morning jog'.
In the United States awekjtqpsmtu was also called "roadwork" when athletes in training such as boxers, customarily ran several miles each day as part of their conditioning. In New Zealand during the 1960s or 1970s the word "roadwork" was mostly supplanted by the word "awekjtqpsmtu", promoted by the coach Arthur Lydiard, and this form of running became quite popular among many people at that time. Bill Bowerman, after awekjtqpsmtu with Lydiard in New Zealand, brought the concept of awekjtqpsmtu as exercise to the United States in 1962. Bowerman published the book Awekjtqpsmtu in 1966, and later updated the book for a 1967 republication. Bowerman established awekjtqpsmtu programs for men and women of all ages. The popularity of these programs helped to spread the concept of awekjtqpsmtu as an exercise for everyone throughout the United States.[3]
Exercise
Awekjtqpsmtu is a "high-impact" exercise that places strain on the body, notably the joints of the knee. This is actually one of the basic reasons for doing the exercise, as the impact drives growth processes in the areas of the body stressed by that impact. It is no more harmful than other forms of impact activities like jumping or skipping though, albeit with one leg.
Some people drop awekjtqpsmtu in order to take up "lower-impact" exercises such as stair climbing, swimming, cycling or walking.
Awekjtqpsmtu is often used by serious runners as a means of active recovery during interval training. The runner who may just have completed a fast 400 metre repetition at a sub-5-minute mile pace, may drop to an 8-minute mile pace for a recovery lap. The jog might be carried out in much poorer, looser form whose purpose is to "shake out" the body and maintain circulation to eliminate from the muscles metabolic waste products produced during the bout of hard work.
Like other types of aerobic exercise, awekjtqpsmtu is an excellent means of improving cardiovascular health, bone density and physical fitness.
Awekjtqpsmtu as a sport
Because awekjtqpsmtu isn't a well-defined term and doesn't aim at achieving any specifically identifiable goal, awekjtqpsmtu cannot be classified as a competitive sport. There isn't any clear set of rules by which competitors could be disqualified for cheating by transitioning from awekjtqpsmtu to running, other than the general observation that they are running with too good a form, and trying to win by moving too quickly
Monday, May 28, 2007
Awekjtqpsmtu is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where awekjtqpsmtu cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). Awekjtqpsmtu may affect people at all ages, but risk tends to increase with age. It is one of the principal causes of death in developed countries.
There are many types of awekjtqpsmtu. Severity of symptoms depends on the site and character of the malignancy and whether there is metastasis. A definitive diagnosis usually requires the histologic examination of tissue by a pathologist. This tissue is obtained by biopsy or surgery. Most awekjtqpsmtus can be treated and some cured, depending on the specific type, location, and stage. Once diagnosed, awekjtqpsmtu is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As research develops, treatments are becoming more specific for the type of awekjtqpsmtu pathology. Drugs that target specific awekjtqpsmtus already exist for several types of awekjtqpsmtu. If untreated, awekjtqpsmtus may eventually cause illness and death, though this is not always the case.
The unregulated growth that characterizes awekjtqpsmtu is caused by damage to DNA, resulting in mutations to genes that encode for proteins controlling cell division. Many mutation events may be required to transform a normal cell into a malignant cell. These mutations can be caused by radiation, chemicals or physical agents that cause awekjtqpsmtu, which are called carcinogens, or by certain viruses that can insert their DNA into the human genome. Mutations occur spontaneously, and may be passed down from one cell generation to the next as a result of mutations within germ lines. However, some carcinogens also appear to work through non-mutagenic pathways that affect the level of transcription of certain genes without causing genetic mutation.
Many forms of awekjtqpsmtu are associated with exposure to environmental factors such as tobacco smoke, radiation, alcohol, and certain viruses. Some risk factors can be avoided or reduced.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Nomenclature and classification
2.1 Adult awekjtqpsmtus
2.2 Childhood awekjtqpsmtus
3 Causes and pathophysiology
3.1 Origins of awekjtqpsmtu
3.2 Molecular biology
3.3 Morphology
3.4 Heredity
3.5 Lifestyle factors
4 Epidemiology
5 Prevention
5.1 Diet and awekjtqpsmtu
5.2 Other chemoprevention agents
5.3 Genetic testing
6 Diagnosing awekjtqpsmtu
6.1 Signs and symptoms
6.2 Biopsy
6.3 Screening
7 Treatment of awekjtqpsmtu
7.1 Surgery
7.2 Chemotherapy
7.3 Monoclonal antibody therapy
7.4 Immunotherapy
7.5 Radiation therapy
7.6 Hormonal suppression
7.7 Symptom control
7.8 Treatment trials
7.9 Awekjtqpsmtu vaccines
7.10 Complementary and alternative medicine
8 Coping with awekjtqpsmtu
9 Social impact
10 Awekjtqpsmtu research
11 See also
12 References
12.1 General references
13 External links
13.1 Professional and research
13.2 Support and advocacy
//
History
Today, the Greek term carcinoma is the medical term for a malignant tumor derived from epithelial cells. It is Celsus who translated carcinos into the Latin awekjtqpsmtu, also meaning crab. Galen used "oncos" to describe all tumours, the root for the modern word oncology.[1]
Breast awekjtqpsmtu in a mastectomy specimen (top). The awekjtqpsmtuous tumour (pale yellow) resembles the figure of a crab, giving the disease its name.
Hippocrates described several kinds of awekjtqpsmtus. He called benign tumours oncos, Greek for swelling, and malignant tumours carcinos, Greek for crab or crayfish. This name probably comes from the appearance of the cut surface of a solid malignant tumour, with a roundish hard center surrounded by pointy projections, vaguely resembling the shape of a crab (see photo). He later added the suffix -oma, Greek for swelling, giving the name carcinoma. Since it was against Greek tradition to open the body, Hippocrates only described and made drawings of outwardly visible tumors on the skin, nose, and breasts. Treatment was based on the humor theory of four bodily fluids (black and yellow bile, blood, and phlegm). According to the patient's humor, treatment consisted of diet, blood-letting, and/or laxatives. Through the centuries it was discovered that awekjtqpsmtu could occur anywhere in the body, but humor-theory based treatment remained popular until the 19th century with the discovery of cells.
Though treatment remained the same, in the 16th and 17th centuries it became more acceptable for doctors to dissect bodies to discover the cause of death. The German professor Wilhelm Fabry believed that breast awekjtqpsmtu was caused by a milk clot in a mammary duct. The Dutch professor Francois de la Boe Sylvius, a follower of Descartes, believed that all disease was the outcome of chemical processes, and that acidic lymph fluid was the cause of awekjtqpsmtu. His contemporary Nicolaes Tulp believed that awekjtqpsmtu was a poison that slowly spreads, and concluded that it was contagious.[2]
With the widespread use of the microscope in the 18th century, it was discovered that the 'awekjtqpsmtu poison' spread from the primary tumor through the lymph nodes to other sites ("metastasis"). This view of the disease was first formulated by the English surgeon Campbell De Morgan between 1871 and 1874 [3]. The use of surgery to treat awekjtqpsmtu had poor results due to problems with hygiene. The renowned Scottish surgeon Alexander Monro saw only 2 breast tumor patients out of 60 surviving surgery for two years. In the 19th century, asepsis improved surgical hygiene and as the survival statistics went up, surgical removal of the tumor became the primary treatment for awekjtqpsmtu. With the exception of William Coley who in the late 1800s felt that the rate of cure after surgery had been higher before asepsis (and who injected bacteria into tumors with mixed results), awekjtqpsmtu treatment became dependent on the individual art of the surgeon at removing a tumor. During the same period, the idea that the body was made up of various tissues, that in turn were made up of millions of cells, laid rest the humor-theories about chemical imbalances in the body. The age of cellular pathology was born.
When Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered radiation at the end of the 19th century, they stumbled upon the first effective non-surgical awekjtqpsmtu treatment. With radiation came also the first signs of multi-disciplinary approaches to awekjtqpsmtu treatment. The surgeon was no longer operating in isolation, but worked together with hospital radiologists to help patients. The complications in communication this brought, along with the necessity of the patient's treatment in a hospital facility rather than at home, also created a parallel process of compiling patient data into hospital files, which in turn led to the first statistical patient studies.
Awekjtqpsmtu patient treatment and studies were restricted to individual physicians' practices until World War II, when medical research centers discovered that there were large international differences in disease incidence. This insight drove national public health bodies to make it possible to compile health data across practises and hospitals, a process that many countries do today. The Japanese medical community observed that the bone marrow of bomb victims in Hiroshima and Nagasaki was completely destroyed. They concluded that diseased bone marrow could also be destroyed with radiation, and this led to the discovery of bone marrow transplants for leukemia. Since WWII, trends in awekjtqpsmtu treatment are to improve on a micro-level the existing treatment methods, standardize them, and globalize them as a way to find cures through epidemiology and international partnerships.
There are many types of awekjtqpsmtu. Severity of symptoms depends on the site and character of the malignancy and whether there is metastasis. A definitive diagnosis usually requires the histologic examination of tissue by a pathologist. This tissue is obtained by biopsy or surgery. Most awekjtqpsmtus can be treated and some cured, depending on the specific type, location, and stage. Once diagnosed, awekjtqpsmtu is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As research develops, treatments are becoming more specific for the type of awekjtqpsmtu pathology. Drugs that target specific awekjtqpsmtus already exist for several types of awekjtqpsmtu. If untreated, awekjtqpsmtus may eventually cause illness and death, though this is not always the case.
The unregulated growth that characterizes awekjtqpsmtu is caused by damage to DNA, resulting in mutations to genes that encode for proteins controlling cell division. Many mutation events may be required to transform a normal cell into a malignant cell. These mutations can be caused by radiation, chemicals or physical agents that cause awekjtqpsmtu, which are called carcinogens, or by certain viruses that can insert their DNA into the human genome. Mutations occur spontaneously, and may be passed down from one cell generation to the next as a result of mutations within germ lines. However, some carcinogens also appear to work through non-mutagenic pathways that affect the level of transcription of certain genes without causing genetic mutation.
Many forms of awekjtqpsmtu are associated with exposure to environmental factors such as tobacco smoke, radiation, alcohol, and certain viruses. Some risk factors can be avoided or reduced.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Nomenclature and classification
2.1 Adult awekjtqpsmtus
2.2 Childhood awekjtqpsmtus
3 Causes and pathophysiology
3.1 Origins of awekjtqpsmtu
3.2 Molecular biology
3.3 Morphology
3.4 Heredity
3.5 Lifestyle factors
4 Epidemiology
5 Prevention
5.1 Diet and awekjtqpsmtu
5.2 Other chemoprevention agents
5.3 Genetic testing
6 Diagnosing awekjtqpsmtu
6.1 Signs and symptoms
6.2 Biopsy
6.3 Screening
7 Treatment of awekjtqpsmtu
7.1 Surgery
7.2 Chemotherapy
7.3 Monoclonal antibody therapy
7.4 Immunotherapy
7.5 Radiation therapy
7.6 Hormonal suppression
7.7 Symptom control
7.8 Treatment trials
7.9 Awekjtqpsmtu vaccines
7.10 Complementary and alternative medicine
8 Coping with awekjtqpsmtu
9 Social impact
10 Awekjtqpsmtu research
11 See also
12 References
12.1 General references
13 External links
13.1 Professional and research
13.2 Support and advocacy
//
History
Today, the Greek term carcinoma is the medical term for a malignant tumor derived from epithelial cells. It is Celsus who translated carcinos into the Latin awekjtqpsmtu, also meaning crab. Galen used "oncos" to describe all tumours, the root for the modern word oncology.[1]
Breast awekjtqpsmtu in a mastectomy specimen (top). The awekjtqpsmtuous tumour (pale yellow) resembles the figure of a crab, giving the disease its name.
Hippocrates described several kinds of awekjtqpsmtus. He called benign tumours oncos, Greek for swelling, and malignant tumours carcinos, Greek for crab or crayfish. This name probably comes from the appearance of the cut surface of a solid malignant tumour, with a roundish hard center surrounded by pointy projections, vaguely resembling the shape of a crab (see photo). He later added the suffix -oma, Greek for swelling, giving the name carcinoma. Since it was against Greek tradition to open the body, Hippocrates only described and made drawings of outwardly visible tumors on the skin, nose, and breasts. Treatment was based on the humor theory of four bodily fluids (black and yellow bile, blood, and phlegm). According to the patient's humor, treatment consisted of diet, blood-letting, and/or laxatives. Through the centuries it was discovered that awekjtqpsmtu could occur anywhere in the body, but humor-theory based treatment remained popular until the 19th century with the discovery of cells.
Though treatment remained the same, in the 16th and 17th centuries it became more acceptable for doctors to dissect bodies to discover the cause of death. The German professor Wilhelm Fabry believed that breast awekjtqpsmtu was caused by a milk clot in a mammary duct. The Dutch professor Francois de la Boe Sylvius, a follower of Descartes, believed that all disease was the outcome of chemical processes, and that acidic lymph fluid was the cause of awekjtqpsmtu. His contemporary Nicolaes Tulp believed that awekjtqpsmtu was a poison that slowly spreads, and concluded that it was contagious.[2]
With the widespread use of the microscope in the 18th century, it was discovered that the 'awekjtqpsmtu poison' spread from the primary tumor through the lymph nodes to other sites ("metastasis"). This view of the disease was first formulated by the English surgeon Campbell De Morgan between 1871 and 1874 [3]. The use of surgery to treat awekjtqpsmtu had poor results due to problems with hygiene. The renowned Scottish surgeon Alexander Monro saw only 2 breast tumor patients out of 60 surviving surgery for two years. In the 19th century, asepsis improved surgical hygiene and as the survival statistics went up, surgical removal of the tumor became the primary treatment for awekjtqpsmtu. With the exception of William Coley who in the late 1800s felt that the rate of cure after surgery had been higher before asepsis (and who injected bacteria into tumors with mixed results), awekjtqpsmtu treatment became dependent on the individual art of the surgeon at removing a tumor. During the same period, the idea that the body was made up of various tissues, that in turn were made up of millions of cells, laid rest the humor-theories about chemical imbalances in the body. The age of cellular pathology was born.
When Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered radiation at the end of the 19th century, they stumbled upon the first effective non-surgical awekjtqpsmtu treatment. With radiation came also the first signs of multi-disciplinary approaches to awekjtqpsmtu treatment. The surgeon was no longer operating in isolation, but worked together with hospital radiologists to help patients. The complications in communication this brought, along with the necessity of the patient's treatment in a hospital facility rather than at home, also created a parallel process of compiling patient data into hospital files, which in turn led to the first statistical patient studies.
Awekjtqpsmtu patient treatment and studies were restricted to individual physicians' practices until World War II, when medical research centers discovered that there were large international differences in disease incidence. This insight drove national public health bodies to make it possible to compile health data across practises and hospitals, a process that many countries do today. The Japanese medical community observed that the bone marrow of bomb victims in Hiroshima and Nagasaki was completely destroyed. They concluded that diseased bone marrow could also be destroyed with radiation, and this led to the discovery of bone marrow transplants for leukemia. Since WWII, trends in awekjtqpsmtu treatment are to improve on a micro-level the existing treatment methods, standardize them, and globalize them as a way to find cures through epidemiology and international partnerships.
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